Black armband protest

The Black armband protest was a protest made by Zimbabwean cricketers Andy Flower and Henry Olonga during the 2003 Cricket World Cup, during which some matches were held in Zimbabwe. The pair decided to wear black armbands to "mourn the death of democracy in Zimbabwe", an action which caused condemnation from senior Zimbabwean figures, but support from the international media, and resulted in both players being forced to leave the country.

Background

The 2003 Cricket World Cup was awarded to South Africa, however they decided to award six of the group stage matches to Zimbabwe, and two to Kenya.[1][2] Due to security concerns in Zimbabwe, the British and Australian Governments both advised their players against travelling to Zimbabwe;[3] in the end, England forfeited their match, whilst Australia played and won theirs.[4][5]

The idea of a protest was started when Andy Flower was taken by a friend, Nigel Huff, to see a farm impacted by the Government's land reforms.[6] In 2000, Robert Mugabe and the Zimbabwean Government had begun a plan of land reforms for redistribution of 3,000 farms,[7] and began compulsorily seizing land from white farmers, with forced evictions and arrests on the basis of "illegally occupying their land".[8][9] By 2002, it was estimated that around 80% of the 4,500 farms that had been white-owned had been forcibly seized.[10] Another related issue was human rights abuses and violence, particularly against political opponents in the leadup to the 2002 Zimbabwe presidential election; the EU had imposed sanctions on Zimbabwe's ruling elite,[11][12][13] which, as of 2015, are still in place.[14][15] Flower was particularly appalled by the torture of Zimbabwean MP Job Sikhala.[16]

The protest

Andy Flower, one of the players involved in the protest.

Planning

After Flower had decided to protest, he decided to choose Henry Olonga as his partner. Olonga was the first black, and the youngest ever, cricketer to play for Zimbabwe;[17][18] Flower decided to choose Olonga, as "one white Zimbabwean and one black one operating together gave the message the most eloquent balance."[6] They met up in a News cafe in Harare to plan the protest, originally considering withdrawing from the World Cup, but later deciding to protest instead,[16][19] after a third party suggested wearing black armbands.[20] They also met up with a lawyer to help word the statement in a non-incriminating way.[21]

The protest itself

The match in question was between Zimbabwe and Namibia on 10 March 2003;[16] the match was being played at the Harare Sports Club.[22] Prior to the protest, the only people aware of the protest were the press and Flower's brother Grant – no other players knew about it.[16][23] In the end, the pair did not have any black armbands, and so used black insulating tape instead.[24] Shortly before the match, they delivered their 450-word statement to the press;[6][23] the statement later became commonly known as "mourning the death of democracy in Zimbabwe":[25]

In all the circumstances, we have decided that we will each wear a black armband for the duration of the World Cup. In doing so we are mourning the death of democracy in our beloved Zimbabwe. In doing so we are making a silent plea to those responsible to stop the abuse of human rights in Zimbabwe. In doing so, we pray that our small action may help to restore sanity and dignity to our nation.[26]

In the match, Zimbabwe batted first,[22] and the public at the ground were not aware of the protest until the 22nd over, when Flower came out to bat wearing a black armband.[23] Olonga was also seen wearing a black armband on the Zimbabwe team balcony.[16] In the match itself, Flower scored 39, as Zimbabwe reached 340/2, and Olonga took 0/8 in 3 overs, as Zimbabwe won a rain-affected match by 86 runs (D/L method).[22][27]

Reactions

After the match, one man was arrested for wearing a black armband.[28] During Zimbabwe's next[lower-alpha 1] group stage match against India, nearly 200 spectators wore black armbands, to support the protest.[1]

Inside Zimbabwe, the reaction was hostile to the players. Zimbabwe's Minister of Information, Jonathan Moyo, called Olonga an "Uncle Tom" who had "a black skin and a white mask".[23][29] Zanu PF information secretary Nathan Shamuyarira claimed they were forced into it by the British media, and "No true Zimbabwean would have joined in," but "Olonga is not a Zimbabwean, he is a Zambian".[6][30] Olonga was charged with treason, an offence punishable by death.[31] Givemore Makoni, the President of Takashinga Cricket Club where Olonga played said "It is disgraceful what Henry Olonga and Andy Flower have done. Taking politics on to the playing field is a thing the International Cricket Council and all sports organisations have been trying to avoid." and that "by taking politics on to the field and bringing the game into disrepute Henry appears to have breached Takashinga's code of conduct".[28] Olonga was later sacked by Takashinga Cricket Club.[30] Stephen Mandongo, the President of the Zimbabwe Cricket Union (who were heavily influenced by Mugabe) also condemned the protest, saying "What Flower and Olonga did is very wrong. They have jeopardised our reputation when given this once in a lifetime chance to host the World Cup ... It would be wrong if they wore black armbands again."[1] They referred the matter to the ICC, who deemed that they had taken a political action, but refused to charge them with a formal offence. Instead, they released a statement reiterating the apolitical nature of the organisation, and asked the players not to wear black armbands for the rest of the tournament, with the threat of more serious punishment if they continued to wear them.[1][30]

As a result of the protest, Olonga's girlfriend broke up with him, and he received numerous threatening emails and death threats.[6][19]

The international reaction to the protest was favourable. The Times sports correspondent called it a "powerful blow for sanity, decency and democracy", whilst The Daily Telegraph's Donald Trelford praised the players and criticised the ICC and ECB, saying the players "shine out like diamonds in a pile of mud".[23] Cricket writer Tim de Lisle praised the pair, saying that "Together they were responsible for a shining moment in the game's history ... Two strips of black tape, more potent than any logo, breathed life back into the game's battered spirit."[1] England captain Nasser Hussain said Flower and Olonga "have proved to be great men by what they have done."[30]

Aftermath

Zimbabwe won their next match against England on a walkover, and also beat the Netherlands, and had a no-result in their final group match against Pakistan, which allowed them to qualify for the Super 6 stage of the competition.[22][32] They were eliminated in this stage,[22][32] however this allowed both players to leave Zimbabwe for South Africa.[20]

Olonga was dropped for 6 matches,[lower-alpha 2] with no reason given – some have speculated that he was dropped as a result of the protest, whilst other suggest it was due to poor form.[16] Flower on the other hand was considered "undroppable".[16][19] During their next group match, Flower and twelfth-man Olonga both wore black wristbands, and in subsequent matches, Flower wore white armbands.[16] Olonga's only subsequent appearance for Zimbabwe was in their match against Kenya.[32]

After their final Super Six match, Olonga immediately announced his retirement from international cricket, after 30 Test matches and 50 ODIs;[19][21] Flower had already previously announced his retirement from international cricket,[1] and had signed for Essex, and South Australia.[33]

Olonga, on the other hand, had not planned what to do after the protest, as he "had in my own naivety thought that I could carry on in Zimbabwe – maybe my career would come to an end but I could still live there."[6] In the end, he was kicked off the team bus,[16][23] He travelled to Johannesburg, where he stayed for a month, before being granted a work permit to play for Lashings Cricket Club in England.[18][20] He was subsequently granted asylum in the United Kingdom.[34] Neither player has since returned to Zimbabwe.[6][20]

Legacy

Both players were awarded an Honorary Life Membership of the MCC, an honour usually only given to players who have retired from first-class cricket.[16] In 2013, the BBC recorded a special radio programme commemorating 10 years of the protest.[6]

Notes

  1. ↑ Excluding the walkover against England
  2. ↑ Including the walkover against England

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Field, Russell; Kidd, Bruce (2010). Forty Years of Sport and Social Change, 1968–2008: "To Remember is to Resist". pp. 47–53. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  2. ↑ "South Africa, Zimbabwe & Kenya, 2003". Top End Sports. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  3. ↑ "England, Australia want Zimbabwe switch". Reuters. 4 February 2003. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  4. ↑ "England forfeit Zimbabwe points". BBC Sport. 15 February 2003. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  5. ↑ "ICC World Cup, 27th Match: Zimbabwe v Australia at Bulawayo, Feb 24, 2003". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Andy Flower & Henry Olonga: the 'death of democracy' remembered". BBC Sport. 7 February 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  7. ↑ Manby, Bronwen (2002). "Zimbabwe: Fast Track Land Reform in Zimbabwe". pp. 11–12. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  8. ↑ "Zimbabwe Starts Arresting White Farmers Defying Eviction". The New York Times. 17 August 2002. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  9. ↑ "New legal battle to keep Zimbabwe farming". The Guardian. 26 June 2002. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  10. ↑ Young, Crawford (2012). The Postcolonial State in Africa: Fifty Years of Independence, 1960–2010. p. 211. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  11. ↑ "EU imposes sanctions on Zimbabwe". The Guardian. 18 February 2002. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  12. ↑ "EU agrees Zimbabwe sanctions". BBC News. 18 February 2002. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  13. ↑ "EU imposes sanctions on Mugabe inner circle". The Telegraph. 19 February 2002. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  14. ↑ "Zimbabwe's Mugabe may be allowed in to EU in new role". Reuters. 3 February 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  15. ↑ "EU court dismisses Zimbabwe sanctions appeal". Enca. 22 April 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "ICC World Cup 2003: Andy Flower and Henry Olonga don black armbands". Cricket County. 9 February 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  17. ↑ "Henry Olonga, Zimbabwe's cricketing rebel". CNN. 7 September 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  18. 1 2 "Henry Olonga: He has a love for Zimbabwe even now. But while Mugabe is alive, he knows he can't return". The Independent. 25 July 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  19. 1 2 3 4 "Standing up for their principles". ESPN Cricinfo. 27 April 2007. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  20. 1 2 3 4 "How I risked it all with a black armband". The Guardian. 16 December 2003. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  21. 1 2 "Olonga: A hero in exile". London Evening Standard. 28 February 2007. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 Stern, John; Williams, Marcus (2013). The Essential Wisden: An Anthology of 150 Years of Wisden Cricketers' Almanack. p. 565. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Zimbabwe's black armband protest". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  24. ↑ "Former Zimbabwean cricketer Henry Olonga has no regrets about the protest against Robert Mugabe that led to his exile in England". Herald Scotland. 24 July 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  25. ↑ "World Cup controversies: Protests and Pedalos – Zimbabwe's stand and Freddie's fall...". Sky Sports. 6 February 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  26. ↑ "Statement of Andrew Flower and Henry Olonga". ESPN Cricinfo. 10 February 2003. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  27. ↑ "ICC World Cup, 2nd Match: Zimbabwe v Namibia at Harare, Feb 10, 2003". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
  28. 1 2 "Olonga risks his career with political protest". The Guardian. 11 February 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
  29. ↑ Brickhill, Liam (2 February 2015). "Olonga and Flower make a stand". Cricinfo. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
  30. 1 2 3 4 "'I was a cricketer. Now it's time for music'". The Guardian. 17 March 2003. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
  31. ↑ "Olonga 'sought for treason'". IOL Sport. 17 March 2003. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  32. 1 2 3 "Fixtures: Zimbabwe". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  33. ↑ "Flower to play in Australia". BBC Sport. 19 March 2003. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  34. ↑ "Olonga granted extended refuge in Britain". ABC. 9 October 2003. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
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