Blood–testis barrier

Blood–testis barrier

Germinal epithelium of the testicle. 1 basal lamina, 2 spermatogonia, 3 spermatocyte 1st order, 4 spermatocyte 2nd order, 5 spermatid, 6 mature spermatid, 7 Sertoli cell, 8 tight junction (blood testis barrier)

Anatomical terminology

The blood–testis barrier is a physical barrier between the blood vessels and the seminiferous tubules of the animal testes. The name "blood-testis barrier" is misleading in that it is not a blood-organ barrier in a strict sense, but is formed between Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubule and as such isolates the further developed stages of germ cells from the blood. A more correct term is the "Sertoli cell barrier" (SCB).

Structure

The walls of seminiferous tubules are lined by primitive germ layer cells and Sertoli cells.[1] The barrier is formed by tight junctions, adherens junctions and gap junctions between the Sertoli cells, which are sustentacular cells (supporting cells) of the seminiferous tubules, and divides the seminiferous tubule in a basal compartment (outer side of the tubule, in contact with blood and lymph) and an adluminal compartment (inner side of the tubule, isolated from blood and lymph).

Function

The presence of the SCB allows Sertoli cells to control the adluminal environment in which germ cells (spermatocytes, spermatids and sperm) develop by influencing the chemical composition of the luminal fluid. The barrier also prevents passage of cytotoxic agents (bodies or substances that are toxic to cells) into the seminiferous tubules.

The fluid in the lumen of seminiferous tubules is quite different from plasma; it contains very little protein and glucose but is rich in androgens, estrogens, potassium, inositol and Glutamic and Aspartic acid. This composition is maintained by Blood–testis barrier.[1]

The barrier also protects the germ cells from blood-borne noxious agents.[1] Prevents antigenic products of germ cell maturation from entering the circulation and generating an autoimmune response.[1] And may help establish an osmotic gradient that facilitates movement of fluid into the tubular lumen.[1]

Note

Steroids penetrate the barrier. Some Proteins pass from Sertoli cells to Leydig cells, to function in a paracrine fashion.[1]

Clinical significance

Auto-immune response

The blood–testes barrier can be damaged by trauma to the testes (including torsion or impact), by surgery or as a result of vasectomy. When the blood–testes barrier is breached, and sperm enters the bloodstream, the immune system mounts an autoimmune response against the sperm as immune system has not been tolerized against unique sperm antigens that are only expressed by these cells. The anti-sperm antibodies generated by the immune system can bind to various antigenic sites on the surface of the sperm. If they bind to the head, the sperm may be less able to fertilize an egg, and, if they bind to the tail, the motility of the sperm can be reduced.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ganong. Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology (24 ed.). TATA McGRAW HILL. pp. 419–420. ISBN 978-1-25-902753-6.

External links

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