Blue Lias

Lower Lias sequence exposed at Nash Point, Glamorgan, Wales.

The Blue Lias is a geologic formation in southern, eastern and western England and parts of South Wales, part of the Lias Group. The Blue Lias consists of a sequence of limestone and shale layers, laid down in latest Triassic and early Jurassic times, between 195 and 200 million years ago. The Blue Lias is famous for its fossils, especially ammonites.

Its age corresponds to the Rhaetian to lower Sinemurian stages of the geologic timescale, thus fully including the Hettangian stage. It is the lowest of the three divisions of the Lower Jurassic period and, as such, is also given the name Lower Lias. Stratigraphically it can be subdivided into three members: the Wilmcote Limestone, Saltford Shale and Rugby Limestone.[1]

Lithology and facies

The Blue Lias comprises decimetre scale alternations of argillaceous limestone and mudstone. These alternations are caused by short-term climatic variations during the Early Jurassic attributed to orbital forcing (Milankovitch cycles). These limestone-mudstone alternations pass up into a clay member formerly known as the Lower Lias Clay now the Charmouth Mudstone. This lithology consists of monotonous mudstones weathering to clay at the surface. Sparse thin limestone and nodule bands are seen where the rocks are exposed. The deposition of a clay-rich mudstone member normally indicates deposition in a deeper marine environment.

Wilmcote Limestone

In certain restricted parts of Britain, the lowermost member of the Blue Lias is the Wilmcote Limestone. It lies above the Cotham Member of the Lilstock Formation and beneath the Saltford Shale Member.[2] The Wilmcote Limestone of central England was formerly quarried close to Stratford-upon-Avon, for example at Wilmcote, Temple Grafton and Binton. It is roughly 200 million years old, dating back to the dawn of the Jurassic Period.

Much of the Wilmcote Limestone is very fine-grained, blue-grey when fresh, and very finely layered. Fossils are quite rare, except in the lowest beds. It was formerly used for a variety of purposes, including walling, building, paving, gravestones, cement-making and as a source of agricultural lime. It is no longer quarried, and most of the old quarries are either infilled or overgrown.

Geologists think that the Wilmcote Limestone originated as layers of fine-grained mud on the floor of a sheltered, shallow muddy sea or lagoon that covered parts of central England at the dawn of the Jurassic Period. Very little life could tolerate the stagnant conditions on the seabed. As a consequence the mud was seldom disturbed, which is why the fine, paper-like layering is preserved.

Above the sea bed, the shallower waters supported ammonites, fish, and marine reptiles (ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs). Their remains were discovered in the Wilmcote Limestone quarries during the nineteenth century. The Warwickshire Museum[3] houses a collection of these fossils and some are on display at the Market Hall Museum in Warwick.[4][5]

Occurrence

The Blue Lias is a prevalent feature of the cliffs around Lyme Regis and Charmouth, on the Jurassic Coast in Dorset, where it exists in layers of limestone interspersed with softer clay. It is also notable for its presence in Somerset, particularly around the Polden Hills, Keinton Mandeville and Glastonbury area, and it forms a broad plain across the East Midlands. It also appears near Whitby in Yorkshire and Southam in Warwickshire where a pub is named after it. There are outcrops along the coast of South Wales, notably that of the Vale of Glamorgan.[6] The type section of the Blue Lias is at Saltford near Bath.

Use in construction

Lytes Cary, Somerset, built of Blue Lias with Ham stone dressings around the windows

Blue Lias is useful as a building stone, and as a source of lime for making lime mortar. Because it is argillaceous, the lime is hydraulic. Since the mid-nineteenth century, it has been used as a raw material for cement, in South Wales, Somerset, Warwickshire, and Leicestershire. The cement plant quarry at Rugby, Warwickshire is probably the best exposure of the formation: more than 100 layers can be seen.

In areas where Blue Lias is quarried it has been used in buildings and churches as well as tombstones in cemeteries. An example of a Blue Lias town is Street, near Glastonbury. Other examples of Blue Lias buildings can be found in the nearby towns of Somerton and Ilchester.

It is remains popular in more modern-day surroundings where it is used in the construction of new housing developments and extensions for existing buildings in conservation areas. Blue Lias is mainly used in flooring, walling and paving slabs – both coursed and layered. It is also used in the making of flagstones and cobbles.

There are only three quarries in Somerset quarrying Blue Lias at present. Hadspen Quarry Ltd Hadspen Quarry operate one in Keinton Mandeville. Ham & Doulting Stone Co Ltd operate one of these, Tout Quarry near Somerton.[7]

Paleofauna

The rock is rich in fossil remains from the Jurassic period. The blue-grey colour is provided by its iron content, enclosed to a large extent in pyrites.[8]

Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs of the Blue Lias
Taxa Presence Notes Images

Infraorder:

  1. Indeterminate remains.[8]
  1. Geographically present in Warwickshire, England.[8]
  1. "(= Sarcosaurus andrewsi)"[8] - "Tibia."[9]
Scelidosaurus
Scelidosaurus
Scelidosaurus

Genus:

  1. S. woodi[8]
  1. Geographically present in Leicestershire, England.[8]

Genus:

  1. S. harrisonii[8]
  1. Geographically present in Dorset, England.[8]

"Nearly complete skull with associated postcrania, articulated postcranial skeleton, partial skull and associated postcrania, juvenile and adult."[10]

Suborder:

  1. Indeterminate remains.[8]
  2. Indeterminate remains.[8]
  1. Geographically present in County Antrim, Northern Ireland.[8]
  2. Geographically present in Dorset, England.[8]
  1. Paceholder.
  2. "(=Megalosaurus woodwardi)"[8] - "Tooth."[11]

Suborder:

  1. Indeterminate remains.[8]
  1. Geographically present in County Antrim, Northern Ireland.[8]

Pterosaurs

Pterosaurs of the Blue Lias
Taxa Presence Notes Images

Genus:

  1. D. macronyx[12]
  1. Found around the town of Lyme Regis in Dorset, England.[12]
Dimorphodon

Plesiosaurs

Plesiosaurs of the Blue Lias
Taxa Presence Notes Images

Genus:

  1. A. lymense[13]
  1. Found around the town of Lyme Regis in Dorset, England.

Genus:

  1. A. rostratus
  1. Found in Dorset.

Genus:

  1. A. conybeari
  1. Found in Dorset, England.

Genus:

  1. A. megacephalus
  1. Somerset, England.
  2. Leicestershire, England.

Genus:

  1. A. arturi
  1. Found at Street in Somerset, England.[14]

Genus:

  1. E. antiquior
  1. Found in Somerset

Genus:

  1. E. rugosus
  1. Found in Leicestershire

Genus:

  1. E. arcuatus
  1. Found in Dorset, Bristol, etc.

Genus:

  1. P. dolichodeirus
  1. Found at Lyme Regis, Dorset

Genus:

  1. S. taylori
  1. Found at Street, Somerset

Genus:

  1. T. hawkinsii
  1. Found in Somerset

See also

References

  1. ↑ Ambrose, K.; 2001: The lithostratigraphy of the Blue Lias Formation (Late Rhaetian–Early Sinemurian) in the southern part of the English Midlands, Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 112(2), pp. 97-110.
  2. ↑ "Wilmcote Limestone Member". The BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units. British Geological Survey. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
  3. ↑ http://heritage.warwickshire.gov.uk/museum-service/
  4. ↑ Ambrose, K., 2001. The lithostratigraphy of the Blue Lias Formation (Late Rhaetian - Early Sinemurian) in the southern part of the English Midlands. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association vol. 112, 97-110.
  5. ↑ Williams, B.J. & Whittaker, A., 1974. Geology of the Country around Stratford-upon-Avon and Evesham. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain. HMSO, London.
  6. ↑ Wilson et al, 1990 Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part VI, the country around Bridgend Mem Br Geol Surv sheet 261 & 262 (England and Wales)
  7. ↑ "Strategic Stone Study: A Building Stone Atlas of Somerset and Exmoor" (PDF). English Heritage. p. 11. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Early Jurassic, Europe)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 532–534. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
  9. ↑ "Table 3.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 50.
  10. ↑ "Table 15.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 336.
  11. ↑ "Table 4.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 78.
  12. 1 2 3 Wellnhofer, Peter (1991). "Summary of Lower Jurassic Pterosaurs." The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Pterosaurs. London, UK: Salamander Books Limited. p. 79. ISBN 0-86101-566-5.
  13. ↑ Peggy Vincent and Roger B. J. Benson (2012). "Anningasaura, a basal plesiosaurian (Reptilia, Plesiosauria) from the Lower Jurassic of Lyme Regis, United Kingdom". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32 (5): 1049–1063. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.686467.
  14. ↑ Roger B. J. Benson, Mark Evans and Patrick S. Druckenmiller (2012). "High Diversity, Low Disparity and Small Body Size in Plesiosaurs (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Triassic–Jurassic Boundary". PLoS ONE 7 (3): e31838. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031838. PMC 3306369. PMID 22438869.

External links

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