Boilerplate (spaceflight)

For other uses, see Boilerplate (disambiguation).
Boilerplate version of Gemini spacecraft on display at Air Force Space & Missile Museum, Cape Canaveral, Florida October 15, 2004.

A boilerplate spacecraft, also known as a mass simulator, is a nonfunctional craft or payload which is used to test various configurations and basic size, load, and handling characteristics of rocket launch vehicles. It is far less expensive to build multiple, full-scale, non-functional boilerplate spacecraft than it is to develop the full system (design, test, redesign, and launch). In this way, boilerplate spacecraft allow components and aspects of cutting-edge aerospace projects to be tested while detailed contracts for the final project are being negotiated. These tests may be used to develop procedures for mating a spacecraft to its launch vehicle, emergency access and egress, maintenance support activities, and various transportation processes.

Boilerplate spacecraft are most commonly used to test manned spacecraft; for example, in the early 1960s, NASA performed many tests using boilerplate Apollo spacecraft atop Saturn I rockets, and Mercury spacecraft atop Atlas rockets (for example Big Joe 1). The Space Shuttle Enterprise was used as a boilerplate to test launch stack assembly and transport to the launch pad. The development of NASA's Project Constellation used boilerplate Orion spacecraft atop an Ares I rocket for initial testing.

Mercury boilerplates

Mercury boilerplates were manufactured "in-house" by NASA Langley Research Center technicians prior to McDonnell Aircraft Company building the Mercury spacecraft. The boilerplate capsules were designed and used to test spacecraft recovery systems, and escape tower and rocket motors. Formal tests were done on the test pad at Langley and at Wallops Island using the Little Joe rockets.[1][2]

A summary of Mercury boilerplates can be found at A Field Guide to American Spacecraft.

Etymology

The term boilerplate originated from the use of boilerplate steel[3] for the construction of test articles/mock-ups. Historically, during the development of the Little Joe series of 7 launch vehicles, there was only one actual boilerplate capsule and it was called such since its conical section was made of steel at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard. This capsule was used in a beach abort test, and then subsequently used in the LJ1A flight. However, the term subsequently came to be used for all the prototype capsules (which in their own right were nearly as complicated as the orbital capsules). This usage was technically incorrect, as those other capsules were not made of boilerplate, but the boilerplate term had effectively been genericized.

Notable events

Section sources.[4][5]

Photos

Mercury Beach Abort test 
Mercury parachute test 
Mercury flotation test 


Gemini boilerplates

There were seven Gemini boilerplates: BP-1, 2, 3, 3A, 4, 5, and 201.[8] Gemini Boilerplate 3A had functional doors and had multi-uses for testing watertightness, flotation collars, and egress procedures.

Photos

McDonnell plant, St. Louis, Missouri 
Flotation and rescue test 
Flotation and egress test 
Boilerplate on the USS Hornet Museum 

Apollo boilerplates

NASA created a variety of Apollo boilerplates. A list of them can be found in Apollo Section of A Field Guide to American Spacecraft.

Launch escape system tests (LES)

Apollo boilerplates were used in the Launch Escape System (LES) for tests of the jettison tower rockets and procedures:

Boilerplate tests

BP-29 at Barringer Crater (used for flotation tests)

Specific Apollo BP units

BP-1101A

BP-1101A was used in numerous tests to develop spacecraft recovery equipment and procedures. Specifically, 1101A tested the air bags as part of the "up-righting" procedure when the Apollo lands upside down in the water. The sequence of the bags inflating caused the capsule to roll and up-right itself.[15]

This McDonnell boilerplate is now on loan to the Wings Over the Rockies Air and Space Museum,[16] Denver, Colorado, from the Smithsonian. BP-1101A has an external painted marking of AP.5. Examination of the interior in 2006 revealed large heavy steel ingots.[17] After further research, a new paint scheme was applied in June 2007.

BP1101A AP5. Front view, Wings Museum, 2006. 
BP1101A AP5. Side view. 
New paint scheme June 2007. 

BP-1102A

BP-1102 was used for water egress trainer for all Apollo flights, including by the crew of Apollo 11, the first lunar landing mission. It was also adapted for mock-up interior components and used by astronauts to practice routine and emergency exits from the spacecraft.

It was then modified again where the interior was set up to be configured either as Apollo/Soyuz or a proposed five-man Skylab Rescue vehicle. With these two conversion, astronauts could train for those special missions. It was finally transferred from NASA to the Smithsonian in 1977, and is displayed now at the Hazy Center with the flotation collar and bags that were attached to Columbia at the end of its historic mission. [18]

BP-1220/1228 Series

The purpose of this series design was to simulate the weight and other external physical characteristics of the Apollo command module. These prototypes were in the 9000 lb range for both laboratory water tanks and ocean tests. The experiments tested floatation collars, collar installations, and buoyancy characteristics. The Navy trained their recovery personnel for ocean collar installation and shipboard retrieval procedures. These boilerplates rarely had internal equipment.[19] See BP-1220 photo.

BP-1224

BP-1224 was a Component level Flammability Test Program to test for design decisions on selection and application of nonmetallic materials. Boilerplate configuration comparisons with Command Service Module 2TV-1 and 101 were performed by North American. The NASA Review Board decided on February 5, 1967, that the boilerplate configuration had determined a reasonable "worst case" configuration, after more than 1,000 tests were performed.[20] See BP-1224 photo set.

BP-1227

Details regarding this test capsule are not clear, but most likely it was lost at sea somewhere between the Azores and the Bay of Biscay in early 1969, and recovered in June 1969 off Gibraltar by the Soviet fishing trawler 'Apatit' (possibly a Soviet spy ship disguised as such, which was commonplace during the Cold War),[21][22][23] transferred to the port of Murmansk in the Soviet Union, and returned to the US in September 1970 by the USCGC Southwind (WAGB-280).[24] It is now located in Grand Rapids, Michigan as a time capsule.[25] See BP-1227 photo or Google Street View image. The only certainties about this capsule are that it was returned to the United States at Murmansk early in September 1970 during a visit by the USCG Southwind who returned it to the Naval Air Station, Norfolk, Virginia. There it remained until title was passed to the Smithsonian in April 1976 when it was passed on to Grand Rapids, Michigan to serve as a time capsule. Two official sources – the US Navy and the US Coastguard – both say that it was lost by an ARRS (Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron) unit training in recovery procedures. A contemporary account of its return quotes a NASA spokesman as saying, “ … as far as NASA can determine the object… the Navy lost two years ago.”. When BP-1227 was lost ranges from 1968 to 1970 depending on which account one reads. This uncertainty may be due to a Russian account that claims there is an agreement between the Russians and the US to keep details secret until 2021.

Space Shuttle OV-101 in boilerplate configuration

Enterprise on Launch Pad 39A

First in March 1978 at the Marshall Space Flight Center[26] and then again in June 1979,[27] the Space Shuttle Enterprise was fitted together with an external tank and two inert solid rocket motors in a test-bed or boilerplate configuration. The STS-1 preliminary mission test program consisted of vibration tests in a horizontal mode at the Marshall Center, and then in a vertical launch configuration on Launch Pad 39A[28] at Kennedy Space Center, Florida. In 1985, the boilerplate configuration was used to test the Air Force shuttle facilities at Vandenberg Air Force Base, including a full mating on the SLC-6 launch pad.

Orion boilerplate

Ares launch vehicles

NASA’s future space flights to the Moon were planned for 2015. These flights were to be based upon the Orion spacecraft and its Ares launch vehicle. The Shuttles were retired in 2011. The Orion boilerplates were planned to be used between 2008 and 2014 with the Ares I and the heavy-lift Ares V launch vehicles, both of which were slated to launch initially from NASA’s Pad 39B site at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida.

Development

The construction of the first Orion boilerplate,[29] will be a basic mockup prototype to test the assembling sequences and launch procedures at NASA’s Langley Research Center while Lockheed aerospace engineers assemble the first rocket motors for the spacecraft’s escape tower. The first boilerplate will go to Dryden Flight Research Center at Edwards, California, for integration of Lockheed's avionics and NASA's developmental flight instrumentation[30] prior to shipment to New Mexico’s White Sands Missile Range for the first Orion pad abort test (PA-1) in 2009. On November 20, 2008 a complete test of the abort rockets took place in Utah.[31] PA-1 is the first of the six test events in Orion Abort Flight Test subproject. Lockheed Martin Corp. was awarded the contract to build Orion on Aug. 31, 2006.

Other boilerplates will be used to test thermal, electromagnetic, audio, mechanical vibration conditions and research studies. These tests for the Orion spacecraft will be done at Plum Brook Station in the agency’s Ohio-based Glenn Research Center. The first boilerplate Orions will launched/tested as early as 2008.[32][33]

Pathfinder

On March 2, 2009, the LAS Pathfinder began its transfer from the Langley Research Center to the White Sands Missile Range, for first PA-1 launch tests. Pathfinder is the combination of the Orion boilerplate and the LAS module.[34]

Post-landing Orion Recovery Test (PORT)

On March 23, 2009 a Navy-built Orion boilerplate began the PORT Tests in Navy test facilities and then sea testing near the Kennedy Space Center.[35]

Photos

Orion full size boilerplate getting its first coat of paint. 
Painted at Dryden Research Center. 
Ready for testing. 
Navy-built, 18,000-pound Orion mock-up in a test pool at the Naval Surface Warfare Center's Carderock Division in West Bethesda, Md. 

Project Constellation

The Orion-Ares configuration was part of NASA's Project Constellation. This project's plan was to send humans to the Moon, Mars, and other destinations in the solar system. Its base components were to have consisted of the Launch Abort System, the Crew Module, the Service Module, and the Spacecraft Adapter.

Commercial spacecraft boilerplates

In the 2010s, several commercially-designed space capsules used boilerplate units on the initial launches of new launch vehicles.

See also

References

  1. ↑ NASA Mercury History Sections #44 and #47
  2. ↑ Mercury Project Boilerplates and Little Joe Rockets with Boilerplates
  3. ↑ i.e. sheet steel typically used to manufacture boilers
  4. ↑ Mercury Boilerplate Tests
  5. ↑ NASA History Archives
  6. ↑ NASA History Chronology
  7. 1 2 Astronautix Chronology - Quarter 1 1961
  8. ↑ Field Guide to American Spacecraft
  9. 1 2 3 4 NASA History Apollo
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 LJSC: APOLLO/SKYLAB ASTP AND SHUTTER ORIBTER MAMOR END ITEMS, Final Report, March, 1978
  11. 1 2 3 4 NASA Apollo History Vol. IV
  12. ↑ Long Beach Press Telegram article 7/16/2008
  13. ↑ Little Joe II Mission A-003 / BP-22 - April 1965 (PDF)
  14. ↑ "Saturn V". U.S. Space & Rocket Center. February 14, 2008. Retrieved February 13, 2011.
  15. ↑ Charles A. Biggs, Sr., Chief, Special Activities Section, Special Event Office, Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, letter dated July 1, 1975. Files of Wings Museum, Denver, CO.
  16. ↑ Wings Over the Rockies Air & Space Museum Official Site
  17. ↑ Lance Barber, Curator of Military Aircraft, Wings Over the Rockies Air & Space Museum, Denver, CO.
  18. ↑ Smithsonian NASM: Apollo Boilerplate
  19. ↑ Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum BP-1228 Photo. Archived December 10, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
  20. ↑ NASA: Apollo BP-1224
  21. ↑ "USCGC Southwind, 1944 WAG/ WAGB-280 (ex-Admiral Makarov; ex-Atka)". United States Coast Guard Historian's Office. U.S. Department of Homeland Security DHS Office of Inspector General. 27 February 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  22. ↑ Pugh, Eddie. "NASA’s Lost Boilerplate – A Solution?" (PDF). ComCast. Landing and Recovery Division - Gemini and Apollo Programs. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  23. ↑ "Modern History: Soviets Recovered an Apollo Capsule!". All Empires Online History Community. Web Wiz. 30 August 2005. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  24. ↑ Mark Wade (2008). "Soviets Recovered an Apollo Capsule!". Astronautix. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
  25. ↑ Current Location
  26. ↑ NASA Marshall Space Flight Center: Enterprise Boilerplate Tests
  27. ↑ NASA Kennedy Space Center: Enterprise on Launch Pad 39A
  28. ↑ NASA: OV-101 Vertical Tests
  29. ↑ NASA: Orion mockup
  30. ↑ "NASA Centers in California: Keys to the Future" (PDF). California Space Authority.
  31. ↑ NASA: Constellation Abort Test Nov 2008
  32. ↑ "Environmental Assessment for NASA Launch Abort System (LAS) Test Activities at the U.S. Army White Sands Missile Range, NM FINAL" (PDF). NASA.
  33. ↑ A Spiral Stairway to the Moon and Beyond
  34. ↑ NASA Orion LAS Pathfinder
  35. ↑ NASA Orion PORT Test
  36. ↑ "SpaceX Achieves Orbital Bullseye With Inaugural Flight of Falcon 9 Rocket: A major win for NASA’s plan to use commercial rockets for astronaut transport". SpaceX. 7 June 2010. Retrieved 2013-05-03.
  37. ↑ "Antares Test Launch "A-ONE Mission" Overview Briefing" (PDF). Orbital Sciences. 17 April 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
  38. ↑ Harwood, William (April 21, 2013). "Antares rocket climbs into space on maiden flight". CBS News. Retrieved 2013-05-03.

External links

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