Borut Pahor

Borut Pahor
4th President of Slovenia
Incumbent
Assumed office 22 December 2012
Prime Minister	Janez Janša Alenka Bratušek Miro Cerar
Preceded by	Danilo Türk
7th Prime Minister of Slovenia
In office 21 November 2008 – 10 February 2012
President	Danilo Türk
Preceded by	Janez Janša
Succeeded by	Janez Janša
Speaker of the National Assembly
In office 10 November 2000 – 12 July 2004
Preceded by	Janez Podobnik
Succeeded by	Feri Horvat
Personal details
Born	2 November 1963 Postojna, Yugoslavia (now Slovenia)
Political party	League of Communists (Before 1990) Social Democrats (1990–2012) Independent (2012–present)
Domestic partner	Tanja Pečar
Children	Luka Pečar Pahor
Alma mater	University of Ljubljana

Borut Pahor (Slovene pronunciation: [ˈbóːɾut ˈpàːxɔɾ];^[1][2] born 2 November 1963) is a Slovenian politician who has been President of Slovenia since December 2012. He was Prime Minister of Slovenia from November 2008 to February 2012.

A longtime president of the Social Democrats party, Pahor served several terms as a member of the National Assembly and was its chairman from 2000 to 2004. In 2004, Pahor was elected as member of the European Parliament. Following the victory of the Social Democrats in the 2008 parliamentary election, Pahor was appointed as Prime Minister.

In September 2011, Pahor's government lost a confidence vote amidst an economic crisis and political tensions. He continued to serve as the pro tempore Prime Minister until he was replaced by Janez Janša in February 2012. In June 2012, he announced he would run for the largely ceremonial office of President of Slovenia. He defeated the incumbent President Danilo Türk in a runoff election, held on 2 December 2012, receiving roughly two-thirds of the vote.^[3]

Early life

Pahor was born in Postojna, SR Slovenia (in the former Yugoslavia) and spent his childhood in the town of Nova Gorica,^[4] before moving to the nearby town of Šempeter pri Gorici. His father died at a young age and his mother, Iva Pahor Martelanc (a Nazi Concentration Camp survivor)^[5] raised him as a single mother.

After finishing the Nova Gorica High School in 1983, Pahor enrolled to the University of Ljubljana, where he studied public policy and political science at the Faculty of Sociology, Political Science and Journalism (FSPN, now known as Faculty for Social Sciences, FDV). He graduated in 1987 with a thesis on peace negotiations between members of the Non-Aligned Movement. His B.A. thesis was awarded the Student Prešeren Award, the highest academic award for students in Slovenia. According to the Slovenian press, Pahor worked as a male model to pay for his university studies.^[6]

Career

Pre-1990s

Pahor became involved in party politics already in high school. At the age of 15, he became the chairman of the high school student's section of the Alliance of Socialist Youth of Slovenia in Nova Gorica, the autonomous youth branch of the Communist Party. In his college years, Pahor joined the ruling League of Communists of Slovenia.

In 1987, he ran for the Presidency of University Section of the Alliance of the Socialist Youth of Slovenia. This internal election was important, as it was the first election in Yugoslavia organized entirely according to democratic principles.^[7] In the election, in which the members could freely choose between two antagonistic teams, Pahor's team lost to a more liberal fraction.

As a consequence, the Youth Alliance emancipated from the control of the Communist Party: a process that resulted in the formation of the Liberal Democratic Party in 1990. Due to this shift, Pahor continued his political career in the main apparatus of the Communist Party. He rose to prominence in the late 1980s, when he became one of the strongest supporters of the reformist wing of the Communist party, led by Milan Kučan and Ciril Ribičič.

During the political crisis caused by the so-called Ljubljana trial in the spring and summer of 1988, Pahor was the first high-ranking member of the Communist Party to propose that the Party renounced the monopoly over the Slovenian political life, and thus opened the path to full-fledged political pluralism.^[8]

In 1989, Pahor co-founded and chaired the Democratic Forum, a youth section within the Slovenian Communist Party established as a counter-force to the Alliance of Socialist Youth, which was now already openly opposing the Communists' policies. The same year, he was appointed to the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Slovenia, thus becoming the youngest member of this body in its history. In 1990, he participated in the Slovenian delegation at the last Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia in Belgrade.^[8]

The 1990s

In the first free elections in Slovenia in April 1990, in which the Communists were defeated by the Democratic Opposition of Slovenia (DEMOS), Pahor was elected in the Slovenian Parliament on the list of the League of Communists - Party of Democratic Reform. Together with Milan Balažic, Pahor emerged as the leader of the pro-reformist wing of the party, which advocated a clear cut with the Communist past and a full-fledged acceptance of free market economy; they even went so far to propose the merger of the party with Jože Pučnik's Social Democratic Party of Slovenia. As the party continued to lose support during the whole 1990s, falling under 10% of popular vote in 1996, Pahor's positions grew in strength. In 1997, he was elected as its president on a Third way-centrist platform.^[8]

In 1997, he was involved in the attempt of creating a common left wing government between Pahor's United List of Social Democrats, the Liberal Democracy of Slovenia, the Slovenian National Party, and the Pensioner's Party. Pahor was proposed as Minister of Foreign Affairs in this left wing coalition government, but the proposal failed to gain a majority in the parliament. Instead, the Liberal Democracy of Slovenia formed a coalition with the conservative Slovenian People's Party, based on a centrist platform, which ruled until 2000. Pahor's Social Democratic party remained in opposition, although it supported the government in several key decisions.^[8]

Forging a centrist agenda

In 2000, Pahor led his party in the coalition with the Liberal Democracy of Slovenia led by Janez Drnovšek. Pahor was elected as the chairman of the Slovenian National Assembly (the lower house of the Slovenian Parliament). This was his first important institutional office. During this period, he distinguished himself with a moderate and non-partisan behaviour, which gained him the respect of large sectors of the centre right opposition.

As the Chairman of the Parliament, he pushed for a public commemoration in the memory of the deceased anti-Communist dissident Jože Pučnik, which was initially opposed by the more radical members of the ruling left wing coalition.^[9]

At the same time, Pahor clashed with left sectors within his own party over the issue of Slovenia's NATO membership. Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, Pahor remained an outspoken supporter of Slovenia's entry in this military alliance, which was opposed by several left wing sectors of the society.

In June 2004, he was elected as member of the European Parliament, where was a member of the Socialist group.^[10] He served on Parliament's Budgetary Control committee and the Constitutional Committee during the period of the rejection of the Constitutional treaty by France and the Netherlands and the negotiation of the Lisbon Treaty, supporting the Parliament's line on this (Richard Corbett and Inigo Mendez de Vigo report). In October 2004, the centre-left coalition in Slovenia lost to the liberal conservative Slovenian Democratic Party and its right wing allies. In the first years of Janez Janša's centre right government, Pahor openly polemized with Anton Rop, the leader of the Liberal Democracy of Slovenia, over the opposition strategy towards the government. In the polemics, which soon became known to the public as the "Dear Tone, Dear Borut Discussion" (after the opening lines of the leaders' ^[11]), Pahor opted for a more constructive opposition. In 2006, Pahor's Social Democrats entered an agreement with the ruling coalition party for the collaboration in the economic reform policies.^[12]

Due to the gradual dissolution of the Liberal Democracy of Slovenia, by 2007 the Social Democrats became the second largest political force in Slovenia, and Pahor thus became the non-formal leader of the left wing opposition.

The same year, Pahor considered running for the presidential elections, in which he was favoured by the polls. However, due to the high ranking of his party, he decided to support the presidential candidate Danilo Türk, and continue to lead the Social Democrats to the parliamentary elections of 2008.^[10]

Prime minister (2008–2012)

Borut Pahor presenting his government's reform program

Pahor was Prime Minister of Slovenia from November 2008 until February 2012, heading the government formed by Social Democrats in coalition with the Liberal Democracy of Slovenia and Zares.

Faced by the global economic crisis his government proposed economic reforms, but they were rejected by the opposition leader Janez Janša and by referenda in 2011.^[13] On the other hand, the voters voted in favour of an arbitration agreement with Croatia, aimed to solve the border dispute between the countries, emerging after the breakup of Yugoslavia.^[13]

Tensions between the coalition partners reached the summit in 2011, when two parties, DeSUS in April and Zares in July, left the government. The opposition has accused the government of corruption and mishandling the economy.^[14] Faced with the loss of several ministers and falling public support, Pahor asked the Parliament for a motion of confidence. On 20 September, the Parliament voted 51–36 against the motion, resulting in the fall of the government.^[15][16] After the vote, Pahor said: "I do not feel any bitterness. I have full faith in our people and the future of Slovenia."^[14]

According to the constitution, the Parliament has to elect a new Prime Minister in 30 days.^[17] If this does not happen, the President of Slovenia dissolves the Parliament and calls for early election. Most political parties had expressed opinion that they preferred early election instead of forming a new government.^[18]

On 1 December 2011, several clips of the recordings of closed sessions of the Government of Slovenia during the mandate of Borut Pahor were published on the video-sharing website YouTube.^[19][20]

2011 elections and aftermath

On 4 December 2011 elections, under Pahor rule the party went from 29 to 10 (losing 19) seats at the early National Assembly election in comparison to the 2008 elections, but Pahor expressed "great contentment" with the result and explained that the party won "more votes than he expected".^[21] On 19 December 2011, while still in hospital due to otitis media, Pahor accepted the candidacy for the Speaker of the National Assembly after National Assembly election,^[22] but retracted it after two unsuccessful election rounds.^[23]

In June 2012, Pahor unsuccessfully ran for re-election as president of the Social Democrats. He was defeated by Igor Lukšič by a narrow margin.^[24] At the same party congress, Pahor announced he would run for President of Slovenia. A few days later, the party and its new president officially supported Pahor's candidature for President.^[25] In September, the Civic List, a centrist party in the Slovenian center-right government coalition, also officially supported Pahor's candidature for President.^[26]

2012 presidential election

Borut Pahor won the second round of the election with 67.3% of the vote.^[27] The results were first announced in an exit poll by the Mediana Institute.^[28] The result was later confirmed at 67.4% for Pahor to 32.6% for Danilo Türk by the Electoral Commission of Slovenia, with 99.7% of the votes counted.^[29]

After the results were announced, Pahor reiterated that this was "only the beginning, the beginning of something new, a new hope, a new period."^[30] Pahor stressed that people need trust, respect, and tolerance. He stated he will keep the promises he made during the campaign and will keep working to help solve the problems the nation faces.^[31]

With this, he became the youngest President of Slovenia in history and the only politician who held all three presidential positions in the Slovenian political system: President of Slovenian National Assembly, Prime Minister of Slovenia and President of the Republic.

Private life

Pahor and his partner, Tanja Pečar, have a son, Luka.^[4] Apart from his native Slovene, he speaks fluent English, French, Italian, Serbian and Croatian.

References

1. "Slovenski pravopis 2001: Borut". Bos.zrc-sazu.si. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
2. "Slovenski pravopis 2001: Pahor". Bos.zrc-sazu.si. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
3. "Pahor: Türk 67,44 % : 32,56 %. Nizka udeležba, 2 % neveljavnih glasovnic". MMC RTV Slovenija. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
4. "Obrazi - Borut Pahor". Revijaobrazi. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
5. "Nećak: Zgodovina bi morala biti učiteljica :: Prvi interaktivni multimedijski portal, MMC RTV Slovenija". Rtvslo.si. 2012-07-20. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
6. "Former male model, Borut Pahor, wins election in Slovenia". Herald Sun. 22 September 2008. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
7. Balažic, Milan. Slovenska demokratična revolucija (Ljubljana: Liberalna akademija, 2004), pp. 171–172
8. "Tednik, številka 52, Borut Pahor". Mladina. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
9. "Vendarle žalna seja". 24ur. 17 January 2003. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
10. "Zgodovina slovenskih vlad in Pahorjeva politična pot". Delo. 20 September 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
11. "open letters". MMC RTV Slovenij. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
12. "Partnerstvo za razvoj je podpisano". MMC RTV Slovenija. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
13. "Zgodba o neki levi vladi :: Prvi interaktivni multimedijski portal, MMC RTV Slovenija". Rtvslo.si. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
14. "Slovenia Confidence Vote: Prime Minister Borut Pahor's Government Falls". Huffington Post. 20 September 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
15. "Foto: Poslanci izrekli nezaupnico vladi Boruta Pahorja :: Prvi interaktivni multimedijski portal, MMC RTV Slovenija". Rtvslo.si. 20 September 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
16. Archived 26 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
17. "Türk: Neizglasovanje zaupnice močno poglablja politično krizo :: Prvi interaktivni multimedijski portal, MMC RTV Slovenija". Rtvslo.si. 29 August 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
18. "Janša: Še ena neuspešna leva koalicija je predčasno zaključila mandat :: Prvi interaktivni multimedijski portal, MMC RTV Slovenija". Rtvslo.si. 29 July 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
19. "Afera Youtube: Pahor je objektivno odgovoren in bi moral še enkrat odstopiti" [YouTube Affair: Pahor is Objectively Responsible and Should Step Down] (in Slovenian). MMC RTV Slovenia. 9 November 2011.
20. "Tapes of Govt Sessions Uploaded to Youtube". Slovenian Press Agency. 9 November 2011.
21. "Volitve 2011: Pahor: "Vstali smo od mrtvih!"" [2011 Election: Pahor: "We Have Risen From the Dead] (in Slovenian). Večer. 4 December 2011.
22. "Pahor sprejel kandidaturo za predsednika DZ" [Pahor Accepted the Candidacy For the Speaker of the National Assembly] (in Slovenian). Delo. 20 December 2011.
23. "Nova kandidata za predsednika DZ: Virant in Kociper" [New Candidates for the Speaker of the National Assembly: Virant and Kociper] (in Slovenian). Delo. 21 December 2011.
24. "SD bo odslej vodil Lukšič". Delo. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
25. "SD podprli Pahorja". Delo. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
26. "Svet DL podprl kandidaturo Pahorja za predsednika republike". Siol. 12 September 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
27. "Ex-PM wins Slovenia president vote". Ex-PM wins Slovenia president vote. MSN News. 2 December 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
28. "Exit poll: Ex-PM Borut Pahor wins Slovenia presidential election with 67.3 percent of vote". The Washington Post. Associated Press. 2 December 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
29. Novak, Marja (2 December 2012). "Opposition candidate wins Slovenian presidential election". Reuters. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
30. "Pahor beats Turk in Slovenian presidential election: TV". Xinhua News Agency. 2 December 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
31. "Iz štaba Boruta Pahorja: To je začetek novega upanja, novega časa". Delo.si. Retrieved 2012-12-04.

External links

• Personal profile of Borut Pahor in the European Parliament's database of members
• Borut Pahor, Official website
• Office of the Slovenian Prime Minister
• Borut Pahor on Twitter