Brachiosauridae

Brachiosaurids Temporal range: Late Jurassic - Early Cretaceous, 157–93 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Mounted Brachiosaurus skeleton cast, Field Museum of Natural History
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Order:	Saurischia
Suborder:	†Sauropodomorpha
Clade:	†Neosauropoda
Clade:	†Titanosauriformes
Family:	†Brachiosauridae Riggs, 1904
Genera
†Abydosaurus †Brachiosaurus †Cedarosaurus †Daanosaurus †Duriatitan[1] †Europasaurus †Giraffatitan †Lusotitan?[2] †Padillasaurus †Sonorasaurus †Venenosaurus

Brachiosauridae is a family of sauropod dinosaurs belonging to Titanosauriformes. They were herbivorous quadrupeds with longer forelegs than hind legs, the name derives from the Greek for arm lizard - and long necks. Despite their apparently distinctive features, there is some dispute as to whether Brachiosauridae is really a distinct family or a collection of basal Titanosauriformes. As a result, there is also some dispute about which animals belong within this family.

Description

Some members of this clade are among the largest known dinosaurs and one of them (Brachiosaurus) was once thought to be the largest land animal ever to live. Brachiosaurids had unusually long and upright necks that gave them access to the leaves of treetops that would have been inaccessible to other sauropods. Their long and spatulate (spoon-shaped) teeth were capable of processing tougher plant material than some other sauropods (such as Diplodocus).

Brachiosaurids first appear in the fossil record in the Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian); they disappeared in the late Early Cretaceous.^[3] Brachiosaurid fossils were first found in North America in the early 20th century, and it is now known that the dinosaurs that left these fossil remains found suitable habitats in Africa, Europe, South America^[4][5] and probably Asia.^[6][7]

Classification

Traditionally, Brachiosauridae included Brachiosaurus and some other suggestively assigned genera, following the generic separation of Brachiosaurus species into B. altithorax and Giraffatitan brancai this have been the only members supported by cladistic analysis.

The fragmentary nature of most putative brachiosaurids have limited their exact position and support for inclusion in most cladistic analyses, however, a recent cladistic analysis (D'Emic, 2012) confirmed the assignment of some of these taxa (Cedarosaurus, Venenosaurus, Abydosaurus) while some of them were recovered outside the clade, Sauroposeidon (including Paluxysaurus) as part of somphospondyli, Qiaowanlong as part of Euhelopodidae and Atlasaurus outside Neosauropoda and found strong support for Europasaurus as a brachiosaurid, occupying a position as the most primitive member of the clade. Other previously suggested brachiosaurids like Daanosaurus and Lusotitan were not included in the analysis due to having a low ratio of available to preserved information, Bothriospondylus and Sonorasaurus were also not included in the analysis, the later because it shows features present in brachiosaurids, basal somphospondylans and basal titanosaurs and further data is needed to resolve its affinities.^[8]

Cladogram of Brachiosauridae after D'Emic (2012).^[8]

Brachiosauridae	Europasaurus Giraffatitan Brachiosaurus Abydosaurus Cedarosaurus Venenosaurus

The recent phylogeny of Brachiosauridae^[2] finds that Lusotitan may belong to this family, but it may in fact be a more basal Macronarian.

Another possible brachiosaurid is the unnamed taxon informally named Angloposeidon from the Wessex Formation of England.

References

1. Paul M. Barrett, Roger B.J. Benson and Paul Upchurch (2010). "Dinosaurs of Dorset: Part II, the sauropod dinosaurs (Saurischia, Sauropoda) with additional comments on the theropods". Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society 131: 113–126.
2. P. D. Mannion, P. Upchurch, R. N. Barnes and O. Mateus. (2013). "Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 168: 98-206.
3. D'Emic, M. D.; Foreman, B. Z. (2012). "The Beginning of the Sauropod Dinosaur Hiatus in North America: Insights from the Lower Cretaceous Cloverly Formation of Wyoming.". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32 (4): 883–902. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.671204.
4. Carballido, José L.; Pol, Diego; Parra Ruge, Mary L.; Padilla Bernal, Santiago; Páramo-Fonseca, María E.; Etayo-Serna, Fernando (2015). "A new Early Cretaceous brachiosaurid (Dinosauria, Neosauropoda) from northwestern Gondwana (Villa de Leiva, Colombia)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35 (5): e980505. doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.980505.
5. Rauhut, O. W. M. (2006). "A brachiosaurid sauropod from the Late Jurassic Cañadón Calcáreo Formation of Chubut, Argentina". Fossil Record 9 (2): 226–237. doi:10.1002/mmng.200600010.
6. Lim, J. D.; Martin, L. D.; Baek, K. S. (2001). "The first discovery of a brachiosaurid from the Asian continent". Naturwissenschaften 88 (2): 82–84. doi:10.1007/s001140000201.
7. Ye Yong; Gao Yuhui; Jiang Shan (2005). "A new genus of Sauropod from Zigong, Sichuan". Vertebrata PalAsiatica 43 (3): 175–181.
8. D'Emic, M. D. (2012). "The early evolution of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 166 (3): 624–671. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00853.x.

External links

• Artist's rendering of fourteen brachiosaurs
• Brachiosauridae (German)
• Brachiosauridae at Palaeos