Brainwashing: The Science of Thought Control

Brainwashing

Book cover
Author Kathleen Taylor
Country United Kingdom
Language English
Subject Brainwashing
Genre Social psychology
Publisher Oxford University Press
Publication date
 December 16, 2004
Media type Hardcover
Pages 336
ISBN 0-19-280496-0
OCLC 56648968
153.853 22
LC Class BF633 .T39 2004

Brainwashing: The Science of Thought Control is a non-fiction book analyzing brainwashing, thought reform and mind control, by neuroscientist and physiologist Kathleen Taylor. It was first published in hardcover on December 16, 2004 by Oxford University Press. Taylor reviews the history of the term brainwashing, from its usage in 1950 by journalist Edward Hunter to its application to cults, marketing, influence, thought reform, torture and reeducation. She references the book Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism by psychiatrist Robert Jay Lifton and cites his research on indoctrination techniques experienced by prisoners of war during the Korean War.

Taylor explains the neurological basis for reasoning and cognition in the brain, and proposes that the self is changeable while describing the physiology of neurological pathways. She utilizes case studies including Patty Hearst, the Manson Family, and the mass murder/suicide of members of Peoples Temple at Jonestown, and compares the techniques of influence used by cults to those of totalitarian and communist societies. She lays out a model FACET - Freedom, Agency, Complexity, Ends-not-means, and Thinking - which she believes can be used to negate the influence of brainwashing techniques.

The book was "highly commended" and runner-up in the 2005 Times Higher Education Supplement Young Academic Author Award, and was shortlisted for the 2005 MIND "Book of the Year Award". It received positive reviews in The Guardian and Skeptical Inquirer, critical reviews in The Daily Telegraph and Financial Times, and has been used as a resource in books including Marketing Dictatorship and Democracy, Lifelong Learning and the Learning Society.

Author

Kathleen Taylor attended the University of Oxford and studied physiology and philosophy.[1] She obtained a Masters degree in psychology from Stirling University, and received her doctorate in computational neuroscience from the University of Oxford.[1] Her postdoctoral research was in neuroimmunology and cognitive neuroscience.[1] She is a neuroscientist at the University of Oxford's Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics,[1][2] researching physiology, psychology and the neuroscience of belief.[1][3] In 2003 Taylor won first prize in both the Times Higher Education/Oxford University Press Science Essay competition and the THES Humanities and Social Sciences Writing Prize.[4][5][6] She presented her research on brainwashing at the Edinburgh International Science Festival in 2005.[7][8]

Contents

Taylor provides background on the development of the term brainwashing, from its use in 1950 by journalist Edward Hunter and its later usage as applied to the spheres of cults, marketing, influence, thought reform, torture and reeducation.[3][9][10] She references psychiatrist Robert Jay Lifton's work Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism as a resource throughout the book.[3][9] Lifton based his research on interviews he conducted with prisoners of war who had been subjected to indoctrination and torture during the Korean War.[9] Taylor argues that the term brainwashing is useful to when used to refer to a more coercive form of persuasion.[11]

She explains the neurological basis for reasoning and cognition in the brain, and brings the point across that the self itself is changeable.[3] She describes the physiology behind neurological pathways which include webs of neurons containing dendrites, axons, and synapses; and explains that certain brains with more rigid pathways will be less susceptible to new information or creative stimuli.[3] Taylor utilizes neurological science to show that brainwashed individuals have more rigid pathways, and that rigidity can make it unlikely that the individual will rethink situations or be able to later reorganize these pathways.[3] She explains that repetition is an integral part of brainwashing techniques because connections between neurons become stronger when exposed to incoming signals of frequency and intensity.[10] She argues that people in their teenage years and early twenties are more susceptible to persuasion.[9] Taylor explains that brain activity in the temporal lobe, the region responsible for artistic creativity, also causes spiritual experiences in a process known as lability.[12]

In the Part I of the book, titled: "Torture and seduction", Taylor analyzes how various parties have used certain techniques in influencing and brainwashing others, including a restriction of individual freedoms, deception, and methods that conflict with one's decision-making processes.[3] She utilizes case studies including Patty Hearst, the Manson Family, and the mass murder/suicide of members of Peoples Temple at Jonestown to illustrate the neurology she explains in Part II, "The traitor in your skull".[3][9][10] In the case of the Manson Family followers of Charles Manson carried out multiple murders in 1969, and with Peoples Temple over 900 followers of charismatic leader Jim Jones died in 1978 in Jonestown, Guyana after consuming cyanide.[13] Taylor asserts that the techniques used by cults to influence others are similar to those used by other social groups, and compares similar totalitarian aspects of cults and communist societies.[9] These techniques include isolating the individual and controlling their access to information, challenging their belief structure and creating doubt, and repeating messages in a pressurized environment.[14]

According to Taylor, cults emphasize positive aspects of the group over negative aspects of outsiders, endlessly repeat simple ideas in "highly reductive, definitive - sounding phrases", and refer to "abstract and ambiguous" ideas associated with "huge emotional baggage".[8] Taylor writes that brainwashing involves a more intense version of the way the brain traditionally learns.[14] In the final portion of the book, Part III: "Freedom and Control", Taylor describes an individual's susceptibility to brainwashing and lays out an acronym "FACET", a tool to combat influence and a totalist mindset.[3] FACET stands for Freedom, Agency, Complexity, Ends-not-means, and Thinking.[3] The FACET model is based on Lifton's eight criteria for thought reform, and Taylor emphasizes education and freedom of thought as a way to negate some of these criteria.[3]

Reception

Brainwashing was first published in hardcover format on December 16, 2004 by Oxford University Press, and again in paperback format on August 24, 2006. The book was "highly commended" and runner-up in the 2005 Times Higher Education Supplement Young Academic Author Award, and also made it to the shortlist for the 2005 MIND "Book of the Year Award".[1][15] The book also made it to the longlist of the 2005 Aventis "Science Book Prize", where it was described as containing "elegant and accessible prose".[15][16]

PD Smith gave the book a positive review in The Guardian, and concluded: "Her ambitious and well-written study celebrates human freedom through a history of attempts to destroy it."[13] Joseph Szimhart reviewed the book for Skeptical Inquirer, and wrote: "I enjoyed the book as a challenge to think about a sorely neglected topic."[3] Szimhart concluded: "Taylor's concern is with any human venture (be it science, religion, or politics) that restricts brain function from creative 'stop and think' activity, and which becomes little more than another exclusive cult."[3]

In a review of the book for The Daily Telegraph, British doctor and science writer James Le Fanu was critical, and commented that Taylor did not acknowledge "the explanatory gap" between current understanding of the brain's structure and "what it does, how we think, feel and emote".[10] Le Fanu concluded, "The paradox of Brainwashing is that it would have been a much more interesting book if Dr Taylor had pursued the contrarian view of seeking to explain why that 'explanatory gap' is not merely unbridged but, with the advance of the neurosciences, now seems to be unbridgeable. A brain that was simple enough to be fully known would be too simple to contain conscious observers who might know it."[10] Nigel Hawkes of The Times criticized what he saw as Taylor's conclusion that "we are all a little bit brainwashed by our culture and experience" and noted that this assessment places Jim Jones of the Peoples Temple group in the same classification as the tabloid press.[9] A review in Financial Times by Jerome Burne was also critical, and he commented that Taylor does not convey "a clear enough message" in the work.[8]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Taylor, Kathleen E. (July 2006). "Intergroup atrocities in war: a neuroscientific perspective". Medicine, Conflict and Survival (Routledge) 22 (3): 230–244. doi:10.1080/13623690600772592. ISSN 1743-9396. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
  2. ↑ Staff (April 12, 2005). "Evil influence is all washed up - Education". The Times (Times Newspapers Ltd). p. Public Agenda 8.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Szimhart, Joseph (July–August 2005). "Thoughts on thought control". Skeptical Inquirer (Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal) 29 (4): 56–57.
  4. ↑ Sutherland, Keith (March 25, 2005). "An exorcism of long-dead diamond geezers". Times Higher Education Supplement 0 (1684): 31.
  5. ↑ Taylor, Kathleen (November 8, 2002). "Is imagination more important than knowledge? Einstein". Times Higher Education (TSL Education Ltd). Retrieved 2008-11-02.
  6. ↑ Taylor, Kathleen (2004). Brainwashing: The Science of Thought Control. Oxford University Press. pp. Front matter. ISBN 0-19-920478-0.
  7. ↑ Price, Stuart (March 26, 2005). "The Independent: BOOKS: PICK OF THE WEEK: Science Festival Talks Fri to 10 Apr Various venues, Edinburgh". The Independent.
  8. 1 2 3 Burne, Jerome (December 18, 2004). "How to win friends and influence people". Financial Times (The Financial Times Limited). p. 30.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hawkes, Nigel (November 27, 2004). "Brainwashing by Kathleen Taylor". The Times (London: Times Newspapers Ltd). Retrieved 2008-11-02.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Le Fanu, James (December 20, 2004). "Make up your mind". The Daily Telegraph (Telegraph Media Group Limited). Retrieved 2008-11-02.
  11. ↑ Radford, Tim (November 25, 2004). "The science behind the news: Can you really brainwash a political candidate?". The Guardian (Guardian News and Media Limited).
  12. ↑ Caterson, Simon (May 2, 2007). "Hell to pay when man bites God". The Australian. p. 4.
  13. 1 2 Smith, PD (October 28, 2006). "The Guardian: Review: Paperbacks: Non-fiction: Brainwashing : The Science of Thought Control , by Kathleen Taylor". The Guardian (Guardian News and Media Limited).
  14. 1 2 Jha, Alok (June 30, 2005). "Where belief is born: Scientists have begun to look in a different way at how the brain creates the convictions that mould our relationships and inform our behaviour. Alok Jha reports". The Guardian (Guardian News and Media Limited). Retrieved 2008-11-02.
  15. 1 2 "Brainwashing: The Science of Thought Control - By Kathleen Taylor - Longlisted, General Prize 2005". The Royal Society. royalsociety.org. Archived from the original on June 10, 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-01.
  16. ↑ Staff (2005). "Aventis Prizes 2005 - Special Reports". The Guardian (Guardian News and Media Limited). Retrieved 2008-11-02.

Further reading

External links

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