British Motor Corporation

The British Motor Corporation Limited

Industry	Motor vehicles
Fate	Became a subsidiary of British Leyland Motor Corporation
Predecessor	Morris Motors Limited Austin Motor Company Limited
Successor	British Leyland Motor Corporation Limited
Founded	1952 amalgamating Morris and Austin
Defunct	See British Leyland Motor Corporation
Headquarters	Longbridge, England, United Kingdom
Key people	Leonard Lord George Harriman
Products	(include) Morris Minor, Mini, 1100, MGB, Austin-Healey

The British Motor Corporation Limited (BMC) was a UK-based vehicle manufacturer, formed in early 1952 to give effect to an agreed merger of the Morris and Austin businesses.^[1]

BMC acquired the shares in Morris Motors and the Austin Motor Company. Morris Motors, the holding company of the productive businesses of the Nuffield Organisation, owned MG, Riley, and Wolseley.^[2]

The agreed exchange of shares in Morris or Austin for shares in the new holding company, BMC, became effective in mid-April 1952.^[3]

In September 1965, BMC took control of its major suppliers (of bodies), Pressed Steel, acquiring Jaguar's body supplier in the process.

In September 1966, BMC merged with Jaguar Cars Limited.^[4]

On 14 December 1966, BMC changed its name to British Motor Holdings Limited or BMH.^[5]

BMH merged in May 1968 with Leyland Motor Corporation Limited, which made trucks and buses and were owners of Standard-Triumph International Limited, BMH becoming the major part of British Leyland Motor Corporation.

Organisation

A BMC share certificate

A BMC ambulance

A 1963 Austin Mini Super-Deluxe
The Mini was BMC's all-time best seller.

A 1965 Riley 4/72

BMC was the largest British car company of its day, with (in 1952) 39% of British output, producing a wide range of cars under brand names including Austin, Morris, MG, Austin-Healey, Riley, and Wolseley, as well as commercial vehicles and agricultural tractors. The first chairman was Lord Nuffield (William Morris), but he was replaced at the end of 1952 by Austin's Leonard Lord,^[6] who continued in that role until his 65th birthday in 1961, but handing over, in theory at least, the managing director responsibilities to his deputy George Harriman in 1956.

BMC's headquarters were at the Austin plant at Longbridge, near Birmingham and Austin was the dominant partner in the group mainly because of the chairman. The use of Morris engine designs was dropped within three years and all new car designs were coded ADO from "Amalgamated Drawing Office". The Longbridge plant was up to date, having been thoroughly modernised in 1951, and compared very favourably with Nuffield's 16 different and often old-fashioned factories scattered over the English Midlands. Austin's management systems, however, especially cost control and marketing, were not as good as Nuffield's and as the market changed from a shortage of cars to competition, this was to tell. The biggest-selling car, the Mini, was famously analysed by Ford Motor Company, which concluded that BMC must be losing £30 on every one sold. The result was that although volumes held up well throughout the BMC era, market share fell as did profitability and hence investment in new models, triggering the 1966 merger with Jaguar Cars to form British Motor Holdings (BMH), and the government-sponsored merger of BMH with Leyland Motor Corporation in 1968.

At the time of the mergers, a well established dealership network was in place for each of the marques. Among the car-buying British public was a tendency of loyalty to a particular marque and marques appealed to different market segments. This meant that marques competed against each other in some areas, though some marques had a larger range than others. The Riley and Wolseley models were selling in very small numbers. Styling was also getting distinctly old-fashioned and this caused Leonard Lord, in an unusual move for him, to call upon the services of an external stylist.

BMC Farina

In 1958, BMC hired Battista Farina to redesign its entire car line. This resulted in the creation of three "Farina" saloons, each of which was badge-engineered to fit the various BMC car lines:

The compact Farina model bowed in 1958 with the Austin A40 Farina. This is considered by many to be the first mass-produced hatchback car: a small estate version was produced with a horizontally split tailgate, its size and configuration would today be considered that of a small hatchback. A Mark II A40 Farina appeared in 1961 and was produced through 1967. These small cars used the A-Series engine.

The mid-sized Farinas were launched in 1958 with the Wolseley 15/60. Other members of the group included the Riley 4/68, Austin A55 Cambridge Mk. II, MG Magnette Mk. III, and Morris Oxford V. Later, the design was licensed in Argentina and produced as the Siam Di Tella 1500, Traveller station wagon and Argenta pick-up. The mid-size cars used the B-Series straight-4 engine.

Most of these cars lasted until 1961, though the Di Tellas remained until 1966. They were replaced with a new Farina body style and most were renamed. These were the Austin A60 Cambridge, MG Magnette Mk. IV, Morris Oxford VI, Riley 4/72, and Wolseley 16/60 and in 1964 the Siam Magnette 1622 alongside the Siam Di Tella in Argentina. These mostly remained in production until 1968, with no rear-wheel drive replacement produced.

Farina also designed a large car. Launched in 1959 as the Austin A99 Westminster, Vanden Plas Princess 3-Litre, and Wolseley 6/99, it used the large C-Series straight-6 engine. The large Farinas were updated in 1961 as the Austin A110 Westminster, Vanden Plas Princess 3-Litre Mk. II, and Wolseley 6/110. These remained in production until 1968.

BMC cars

"Inherited" models

Austin

• Austin A125 Sheerline 1947–54
• Austin A135 Princess 1947–56
• Austin A40 Sports 1950–53
• Austin A70 Hereford 1950–54
• Austin A30 1951–56
• Austin A90 Atlantic 1949–52
• Austin A40 Devon 1947–52

MG

• MG TD 1949–53
• MG Y-type 1947–53

Morris

• Morris Minor 1948–71 (1972 in New Zealand)
• Morris Oxford MO 1948–54
• Morris Six MS 1948–53

Riley

• Riley RM series 1945–55

Wolseley

• Wolseley 4/50 1948–53
• Wolseley 6/80 1948–54
• Nuffield Oxford Taxi 1947–55

BMC designs

Austin

• Austin A40 Somerset 1952–54
• Austin A40 Cambridge 1954–58
• Austin A90 Westminster 1954–68
• Austin Metropolitan 1954–61
• Austin A35 1956–59
• Austin Lancer (Australia) 1958–62
• Austin Princess IV 1956–57
• Austin A40 Farina 1958–67
• Austin A55 Cambridge 1959–61
• Austin A60 Cambridge 1961–69
• Austin Mini 1959–89
• Austin Freeway (Australia) 1962–65
• Austin 1100/1300 1963–74
• Austin 1800 1964–75
• Austin 3-Litre 1967–71
• Austin Maxi 1969–81 (Designed in the BMC era)

Austin-Healey

• Austin-Healey 100 1953–59
• Austin-Healey 3000 1959–68
• Austin-Healey Sprite 1958–71

MG

• MG A 1955–62
• MG Magnette ZA/ZB 1953–59
• MG Magnette Mk III/Mk IV 1959–68
• MG Midget 1961–74
• MGB 1962–80
• MG 1100/1300 1962–73
• MGC 1967–69

Morris

• Morris Oxford MO 1948–54
• Morris Oxford series II 1954–56
• Morris Oxford series III 1956–59
• Morris Oxford Farina 1959–71
• Morris Cowley 1954–59
• Morris Isis 1955–58
• Morris Marshal (Australia) 1957–60
• Morris Major (Australia) 1958–64
• Morris Mini-Minor 1959–2000
• Morris 1100/1300 1963–74
• Morris 1800 1964–75

Princess

• Princess IV 1957–59
• Princess 3 litre 1959–60

Riley

• Riley Pathfinder 1953–57
• Riley 2.6 1958–59
• Riley 1.5 1957–65
• Riley 4/68 1959–61
• Riley 4/72 1961–69
• Riley Elf 1961–69
• Riley Kestrel 1965–69

Vanden Plas

• Vanden Plas Princess 3 litre 1960–64
• Vanden Plas Princess 1100/1275/1300 1963–74
• Vanden Plas Princess 4 litre R 1964–68

Wolseley

• Wolseley 4/44 1952–56
• Wolseley 6/90 1954–59
• Wolseley 15/50 1956–58
• Wolseley 1500 1957–65
• Wolseley 15/60 1958–61
• Wolseley 16/60 1961–71
• Wolseley 6/99 1959–61
• Wolseley 6/110 1961–68
• Wolseley Hornet 1961–69
• Wolseley 24/80 (Australia) 1962–67
• Wolsleley 1100/1300 1965–73
• Wolseley 18/85 1967–72

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BMC project numbers

A 1966 MGB (ADO 23)

Most BMC projects followed the earlier Austin practice of describing vehicles with an 'ADO' number (which stood for 'Austin Design Office' but after the merger 'Amalgamated Drawing Office'). Hence, cars that had more than one marque name (e.g. Morris Mini Minor and Austin Mini) would have the same ADO number. Given the often complex badge-engineering that BMC undertook, it is common amongst enthusiasts to use the ADO number when referring to vehicles which were a single design (for example, saying 'The ADO15 entered production in 1959'- this encompasses the fact that when launched, the ADO15 was marketed as the Morris Mini Minor and, later, the Austin Seven—soon replaced with Austin Mini).

Commercial vehicles

Most BMC-era commercial vehicles were sold as Morris, but there were sometimes Austin equivalents. Radiator badges on the larger vehicles were often BMC.

Car-based light vans

A Morris Cowley MCV Van

• Morris Z-series ¼-ton (Morris Eight Series E) 1940–53
• Morris ¼-ton O-Type (Morris Minor van) 1953–71
• Morris Cowley MCV (Morris Cowley#Morris Cowley MCV (1950–1956) van) 1950–56
• Austin A30 van 1954–56
• Austin A35 van 1956–68
• Austin A35 pick-up 1956–57
• Morris ½-ton (Morris Cowley#½-ton series III Series III van) 1956–62
• Austin A55 van 1958–62
• Austin A55 pick-up (Australian built) 1958–62
• Mini van 1960–82
• Mini pick-up 1961–82
• Austin A40 Farina van (export only) 1961–67
• Austin 1800 ute(pick-up) (Australia built) 1967–74

Light vans

A 1957 Morris JB Van

• Austin K8 1948–1954
• Morris J-type 1949–1960
• Morris LD 1952–1968
• Morris J2 1956–1967
• Morris 250 JU^[7] 1967–
• Austin/Morris J4 1960–1974

Taxi cabs and hire cars

• Austin FX3 Taxi 1949–58
• Austin FL1 Hire Car 1949-58
• Austin FX4 Taxi 1958-82
• Austin FL2 Hire Car 1958-82

Light lorries

• Morris LC4 1952–54
• Morris LC5 1954–60
• Morris FV-series (Series I) 1948–54
• Morris FV-series (Series II) 1954–55
• Morris FE-series (Series III) 1955–59
• Morris FG 1960–68
• Morris FM 1961–68
• Morris WE 1955–64
• Morris WF 1964–81
• Morris FF 1958–61
• Morris FH 1961–64
• Morris FJ 1964–68
• BMC VA 1958–76

BMC agricultural vehicles

With the merger of the Nuffield and Austin interests, the Nuffield Organisation's tractor range, the Nuffield Universal, was incorporated into BMC.

BMC abroad

In the 1950s and the 1960s, BMC set up 21 plants overseas, some as subsidiaries, and some as joint ventures, to assemble their vehicles. One was British Motor Corporation (Australia) which was established in 1953 at the Nuffield Australia site on the one-time Victoria Park horse racetrack in Sydney.^[8] This facility went from a marshalling area for fully imported Morris cars (Austins were up until then being assembled in Melbourne, Victoria from an earlier Austin Motors establishment), to a facility for making CKD cars, to the total local fabrication and construction of vehicles, engines, and mechanicals.^[9]

Denmark was a particularly strong market for BMC products in Europe. In the postwar period, the Danish government closely regulated exports and imports to maintain the country's balance of trade. High-value imports such as cars were heavily taxed. Britain bought large amounts of agricultural and meat produce from Denmark, and in response, British cars were subject to a much lower import tax than cars from other countries, making BMC products very popular in the country until the 1970s, when these regulations were relaxed.

From 1963 to 1975, a company was established in Spain to produce BMC cars under license, its name was: 'AUTHI' -'Automoviles de Turismo Hispano-Ingleses' -'Spanish-English Tourism Automobiles'. The factory was in Pamplona, Navarra, Spain, and when the production of Austin and Mini cars was discontinued, Sociedad Española de Automóviles de Turismo (SEAT), owned by the state and some banks and industrial investors, purchased the factory. After the takeover of SEAT by Volkswagen, SEAT made an 'internal' resale of the Pamplona factory, formerly Authi, to Volkswagen, which soon started producing there the 'Polo'.

Government takes over

The Wilson Labour Government (1964–1970) came to power at a time when British manufacturing industry was in decline and decided that the remedy was to promote more mergers, particularly in the motor industry. Chrysler was already buying into the Rootes Group, Leyland Motors had acquired Standard Triumph in 1961 (and would buy Rover in 1967) and had become a major automotive force. BMC was suffering a dramatic drop in its share of the home market. Tony Benn, appointed Minister of Technology in July 1966, brought pressure to bear on the industry.

British Motor Holdings Limited

In late 1966, BMC changed its name to BMH because it had taken over major UK motor industry supplier Pressed Steel with 27,000 employees in 1965 and, a year later, merged with Jaguar Cars with 7,000 staff.

In mid-1965 BMC offered to buy its major supplier Pressed Steel and took control in September.^[10][11]

Twelve months later, BMC merged with Jaguar Cars.^[12]

On 14 December 1966 BMC shareholders approved the change of its name to British Motor Holdings (BMH) and it took effect from that moment.^[5]

British Leyland

Little more than 12 months later in January 1968, under pressure from the Labour British Government and Minister of Technology Tony Benn, a further wave of mergers occurred in the British car industry.

BMH merged with the Leyland Motor Corporation (LMC) to form the British Leyland Motor Corporation (BLMC).^[13]

In August 1975 BLMC was partly nationalised and renamed British Leyland Limited.^[14]

Post mortem

Following the "merger" with Leyland, the new company's board bore an uncanny resemblance to the senior management team that had hitherto headed up the Leyland half of the partnership, so comments of the management team on the profitability of the former BMC elements need to be viewed with caution. However, following a review of company records undertaken with the support of the new board, author Graham Turner stated that at the time of the merger, 16 versions of the Mini were being produced, yielding an average profit of just £16 per car, while every Morris Minor sold lost the group £9 and every Austin Westminster sold lost £17.^[15] This helps to explain why the Westminster and Minor were among the early casualties of the merger, as well as the introduction of the Mini Clubman, capable of being built for less, but sold for more than a standard Mini thanks to simplified ("modernised") front panels. Even the UK's best seller, the Austin/Morris 1100, had to be subjected to an emergency cost-reduction programme which removed about £10 from the cost of each car, applying changes that included the omission of lead sealing from body joints (£2.40 per car), removing provision for optional reversing lamps (£0.10) and "changes in body finish" (£0.75).^[15] Rebuilding the Cowley plant to include "new automated body building facilities" saved £2.00 in transport costs per car for bodies that no longer needed to be transported from the corporation's Swindon plant and in the longer term further transport costs were saved by concentrating assembly of the model at a single plant, rather than splitting it between plants at Cowley and Longbridge.^[15] Because of the high proportion of auto-production costs represented by fixed costs that needed to be allocated over a planned production volume, and the use in the 1960s of investment appraisal criteria that were ill-suited to accounting for volume fluctuations and the rapidly changing value of the UK currency in the 1960s, the precise figures quoted may be open to challenge, but the new management's diagnosis that BMC's profitability was insufficient to fund support and new model investment to cover its disparate range of brands and models was hard to refute.

Life after death

In 2002, BMC (Turkey), a Turkish commercial vehicle builder, originally set up by the British Motor Corporation to build their designs under licence in the 1950s, began exporting its vehicles to Britain. This allowed the return of the BMC brand to British roads for the first time in over 40 years.

See also

• BMC engines
• Bathgate Lorry Plant
• British Motor Corporation (Australia)

References

1. Morris-Austin Merger Company Named. The Times, Friday, 29 February 1952; pg. 9; Issue 52248
2. Morris-Austin Merger. The Times, Saturday, 1 March 1952; pg. 9; Issue 52249
3. City News in Brief. The Times, Monday, 21 April 1952; pg. 9; Issue 52291
4. "Jaguar Group of companies is to merge with The British Motor Corporation Ltd., as the first step towards the stting up of a joint holding company to be called British Motor (Holdings) Limited." Joint merger statement, 11 July 1966 issued at the press conference at the Great Eastern Hotel, London
5. British Motor Takes That New Label The Times, Thursday, 15 December 1966; pg. 17; Issue 56815
6. "Lord Nuffield's Retirement". The Times (52498). 18 December 1952. p. 6.
7. "New Dormobiles". Autocar. Vol. 127 (nbr 3739). 12 October 1967. pp. 91–92.
8. The Macquarie Dictionary of Motoring, 1986, page 62
9. Timothy R. Whisler (1999). The British Motor Industry 1945–1994. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-829074-8.
10. B.M.C.-Pressed Steel's Defensive Merger The Times, Friday, 23 July 1965; pg. 17; Issue 56381
11. B.M.C. Gets 89 p.c. Of Pressed Steel The Times, Friday, 10 September 1965; pg. 15; Issue 56423
12. "...after lengthy and cordial discussions with Sir George Harriman, we have mutually agreed to a merger of our two organisations" Letter to suppliers by Sir William Lyons, July 1966
13. £410m British Leyland group to storm the world market The Times, Thursday, 18 January 1968; pg. 17; Issue 57152
14. Government takes over the restyled Leyland, British Leyland today joins the ranks of nationalized industries The Times, Monday, 11 August 1975; pg. 13; Issue 59471
15. "The cars then and now". Autocar. 28 October 1971. p. 57.

External links

• Austin Memories