Black Brunswickers

A statue of Frederick William, located in Braunschweig

The Brunswicker Ducal Corps, in German: Herzoglich Braunschweigisches Korps, commonly known as the Black Brunswickers in English and the Schwarze Schar ("Black Troop", also translated as "Black Horde" or "Black Host") or Schwarze Legion ("Black Legion") in German were a military unit in the Napoleonic Wars. The corps was raised from volunteers by German-born Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1771–1815) . The Duke was a harsh opponent of Napoleon Bonaparte's occupation of his native Germany.[1] Formed in 1809 when war broke out between the First French Empire and the Austrian Empire, the corps initially comprised a mixed force, around 2,300 strong, of infantry, cavalry and later supporting artillery.[1][2][3]

Most units of the corps wore black uniforms, leading to the "black" nicknames of the unit, though some light units (such as sharpshooters and uhlans) wore green uniforms. The Brunswickers wore a silvered skull badge on their hats. Their title originated from Duke Frederick William, who claimed the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, which the French had abolished in order to incorporate its lands into the French satellite Kingdom of Westphalia. The Black Brunswickers earned themselves a fearsome reputation over the following decade, taking part in several significant battles including the pre-Waterloo engagement at Quatre Bras on 16 June 1815, where the Duke lost his life. However, recruiting, the replacement of casualties, and finance had always been problematic, and the corps was disbanded in the early 1820s.

The exploits of the Brunswickers caught the British Victorian public imagination: an example of this can be found in John Everett Millais's painting The Black Brunswicker. Completed in 1860, the painting depicts a Brunswicker in his black uniform bidding goodbye to an unnamed woman.

Formation and early years

War of the Fifth Coalition

Braunschweiger Totenkopf (Brunswick skull) badge

In 1806 the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Charles William Ferdinand, was fatally wounded during the Prussian defeat at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt. Following Prussia's defeat and the collapse of the Fourth Coalition against Napoleon, his duchy remained under French control. Rather than permit the Duke's heir, Frederick William, to succeed to his father's title, Napoleon seized the duchy and, in 1807, incorporated it into his newly created model Kingdom of Westphalia ruled by his brother Jérôme. Two years later in 1809 the Fifth Coalition against Napoleon was formed between the Austrian Empire and the United Kingdom. The dispossessed Frederick William, who had been a strenuous critic of French domination in Germany, seized this opportunity to seek Austrian help to raise an armed force. To finance this venture he mortgaged his principality in Oels. In its initial incarnation (dated to 25 July 1809), the 2300-strong 'free' corps consisted of two battalions of infantry, one Jäger battalion, a company of sharpshooters, and a mixed cavalry contingent including Hussars and Uhlans.[1][4]

Despite a successful campaign with their Austrian allies, the defeat of the latter at the Battle of Wagram on 6 July 1809 led to the Armistice of Znaim on 12 July. Frederick William refused to accept this and led his Schwarze Schar ("Black Host") into Germany, succeeding in briefly taking control of the city of Brunswick. Faced with superior Westphalian forces, the Brunswickers conducted a remarkable fighting retreat across Germany, twice holding off the pursuing armies at the Battle of Halberstadt and the Battle of Ölper; finally being evacuated by the Royal Navy from the mouth of the River Weser. Landing in England, the duke was welcomed by his cousin and brother-in-law, the Prince Regent (later King George IV) and the Black Brunswickers entered British service.[5] During the next few years, the Brunswickers earned themselves a sound reputation through service with the British in the Peninsular Campaign. However, steady attrition in battles and skirmishes through Portugal and Spain, combined with a lack of political support and financial difficulties, led to a situation where the unit's imminent disbandment looked likely.[6]

Peninsular War

When organized for British service, the corps was renamed the Brunswick Oels Jäger and Brunswick Oels Hussar Regiments. Prussians represented a large part of the original officer corps, while the enlisted men were motivated by German patriotism. However, once the Oels entered English service, they were cut off from their natural recruiting grounds. Compelled to enlist men from the prisoner of war camps to fill up the ranks, the quality of soldiers in the Oels decreased. Worse, the King's German Legion obtained the best of the German recruits, leaving the Oels with the less desirable ones. In addition to Germans, the Oels recruited Poles, Swiss, Danes, Dutch, and Croats. Charles Oman, the Peninsular War historian, calls the Oels a "motley crew, much given to desertion" and records one occasion where ten men were caught deserting in a body. Of these, four were shot and the rest flogged.[7]

Nevertheless, the Brunswick Oels Jägers gave a good account of themselves during the war. The regiment — really a single battalion—arrived in Portugal in early 1811. The Duke of Wellington distributed one company to the 4th Division and two companies to the 5th Division as skirmishers, while the remaining nine companies served in the newly formed 7th Division. The Oels remained in this organization until the end of the war in April 1814.[8] During this period, the Oels served in most of the major battles including Fuentes de Onoro, Salamanca, Vitoria, the Pyrenees, Nivelle, the Nive, and Orthez.[9]

Waterloo campaign

Following Napoleon's disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812, and his subsequent retreat back into France, Frederick William was able to return to Brunswick in 1813 to reclaim his title. He also took the opportunity to replenish the ranks of his Black Brunswickers. Upon Napoleon's escape from Elba in 1815 he once more placed himself under the Duke of Wellington's command and joined the allied forces of the Seventh Coalition in Belgium. The "Brunswick Corps", as it is called in the order of battle for the Waterloo Campaign, formed up as a discrete division in the allied reserve. Its strength is given as 5376 men, composed of eight infantry battalions; one Advance Guard or Avantgarde, one Life Guard or Leib-Bataillon, three Light and three Line Battalions. They were supported by both a horse and foot artillery battery of eight guns each. Also included were a regiment of Brunswicker Hussars and a single squadron of Uhlans were often attached to the allied cavalry corps.[10]

Battle of Quatre Bras

Main article: Battle of Quatre Bras

Quatre Bras was a hamlet at a strategic crossroads on the road to Brussels. French control of it would not only threaten the city, but divide Wellington's Allied army from Blucher's Prussians. At 14:00 on 16 June 1815, after some initial skirmishing, the main French force under Marshall Ney, approached Quatre Bras from the south. They came up against the 2nd Netherlands Division who had formed a line well in advance of the crossroads. Facing three French infantry divisions and a cavalry brigade, the Dutch and Nassau troops were forced back but did not break. Reinforcements arrived at 15:00, being a Dutch cavalry brigade, Picton's 5th British Division, followed closely by the Brunswick Corps. The sharpshooters of the Brunswick Advance Guard regiment were sent to support Dutch skirmishers in Bossou Wood on the Allied right (western) flank; the rest of the corps took up a reserve position across the Brussels road.[11] The Black Duke reassured his inexperienced troops by walking up and down in front of them, calmly puffing on his pipe.[12]

Brunswick line infantry at Quatre-Bras. Jagers of the Advance Guard are on the left.

A French infantry attack was halted by the allied front line, which was attacked in turn by French cavalry. Wellington moved the Brunswick infantry into the front line, where they were subjected to intense French artillery fire, forcing tham to fall back a short distance. As a mass of French infantry advanced up the main road, the Black Duke led a charge by his uhlans, but they were beaten back. Swept by canister shot at short range, the Brunswickers broke and rallied at the crossroads itself. At this point, the Duke, who was reforming his troops, was hit by a musket ball, which passed through his hand and into his liver. He was rescued by the men of the Lieb Regiment, who carried him back using their muskets as a stretcher. He died shortly afterwards. The Duke's final words, to his aide Major von Wachholtz, were:

Mein lieber Wachholtz, wo ist denn Olfermann? (My dear Wachholtz, where is Olfermann?)[13]

Colonel Elias Olfermann was the Duke's Adjutant general, who assumed immediate command of the corps.[14] Wellington then ordered the Brunswick hussars to make an unsupported counterattack on the French light cavalry brigade, but they were driven off by heavy fire. Later in the battle, French cuirassiers broke the Allied front line and were only prevented from taking the crossroads by the Brunswick infantry who had formed themselves into squares. By 21:00, Allied reinforcements, including the newly arrived Brunswick 1st and 3rd Light Regiments, had driven the French back to their starting positions.[15] Brunswick losses that day amounted to 188 killed and 396 wounded.[16]

Battle of Waterloo

Main article: Battle of Waterloo

Only two days later, on Sunday 18 June, the Duke of Wellington positioned his Anglo-Allied Army along a ridge near the village of Waterloo, in order to block Napoleon's advance along the road to Brussels. The Brunswick Corps formed part of Wellington's Reserve Corps, under his personal command.[17] In that capacity, they were kept well behind the crest of the ridge and avoided casualties during the opening French bombardment. In the early part of the afternoon, the British Foot Guards moved down the slope to reinforce the Château d'Hougoumont, which was under fierce French attack; the Brunswick Corps was brought forward to take their place.

At about 16:00, Marshall Ney decided to attempt to break the centre right of the Allied line with his cavalry. 4,800 French horsemen charged up the hill and into the Allied infantry, who had formed themselves into squares to resist them. In all, 9,000 cavalry were involved in repeated attacks on the Allied squares but were unable to break any of them, including the Brunswickers, whom some British officers regarded as “shaky”.[18] The Brunswick Hussars and Uhlans, who formed part of the 7th British Cavalry Brigade, made harrying attacks on the French whenever they retired to regroup. Eventually, Ney had no choice but to abandon the attacks.

The French capture of the fortified farm of La Haye Sainte had left a gap in the centre of Wellington’s line, and the Brunswick infantry were brought along to fill it. It was here that Napoleon sent one of two attacks by his Imperial Guard in a last gasp effort to break Wellington’s army. Faced with the veterans of the Grenadiers of the Middle Guard, the inexperienced Brunswickers broke from the line and "fell back in disorder", but rallied when they reached the cavalry reserve in the rear. The same fate befell the Nassau Infantry Regiment and two British battalions. Finally, the Guards were halted and thrown back when they were surprised by a flank attack from Dutch troops.[19] The Brunswick Corps had recovered sufficiently to participate in the allied “General Advance” that swept the French army from the field. British sources give the number of Brunswickers killed in action that day as 154 with 456 wounded and 50 missing.[20]

In the following days, they escorted 2,000 French prisoners back to Brussels and then marched on to Paris. They finally returned to Brunswick on 6 December 1815.[21]

Brunswick Oels infantry and sharpshooters (right), 1809
Brunswick Oels Uhlans (left) and a Hussar, 1809

Uniform

The Brunswickers were awarded various nicknames by their contemporaries, including the Black Crows, the Black Legion and the Black Horde. However, although the uniforms of the individual units that comprised the corps were, as the names suggest, predominantly black, they varied in their details.

There are a number of speculative theories on the origin of the Brunswickers' dark and seemingly grim choice of garb. It has been suggested that black was chosen to mourn Duke Frederick William's late father; as a sign of respect for the Duke; or in mourning for the Duke's occupied homeland.[28] Colonel Augustus Frazer, who had served alongside the Brunswickers, reported that black was adopted in mourning for the Duke's wife, Princess Marie of Baden, who had died in 1808, and that the black uniforms would not be put aside until Brunswick had been finally liberated.[29]

The Black Brunswicker by John Everett Millais, painted in 1860

Inspired art

The Black Brunswicker (1860), by John Everett Millais was inspired in part by the exploits of the Brunswickers[2] and in part by the contrasts of black broadcloth and pearl-white satin in a moment of tender conflict.[30]

The artwork took an estimated three months to paint, and it was greatly admired at the time. It was also bought for the highest price Millais had received from dealer and publisher Ernest Gambart - the lucrative sum of 100 guineas.[2] Later, in 1898, William Hesketh Lever purchased the work for his private collection.[2] Charles Dickens' daughter Kate was used as a model for the woman seen in the painting.[2]

The Brunswick Corps in later years

A single infantry regiment and the hussars were maintained by the Duchy of Brunswick after the end of the Napoleonic War. In 1830, the uniform colour was changed to blue, but reverted to black in 1850.[31] The Brunswick units were integrated into the Prussian Army in 1866 with the titles: Braunschweigisches Infanterie-Regiment Nr.92 and Braunschweigisches Husaren Regiment Nr.17 following the Prussian regimental numbering sequence. Both units kept the skull with the crossed bones on their helmets and caps and carried the battle honours "Peninsula-Sicily-Waterloo" until the end of World War I in 1918, when they were disbanded.[32] At that time, a collection of artefacts and uniforms from the Napoleonic era were presented by the officers of the corps to the Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum, where they can be seen today.[33]

The historic black of the Brunswick Corps was retained by the Husaren Regiment Nr.17 in full dress parade uniform until the outbreak of war in August 1914. The Brunswick Infanterie-Regiment Nr.92 however adopted the dark blue tunic of the Prussian line infantry.[34]

Sources

  1. 1 2 3 "Osprey Publishing". Retrieved 7 April 2007.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Lady Lever Art Gallery - artwork of the month". Retrieved 7 April 2007.
  3. ↑ "Infoplease.com". Retrieved 7 April 2007.
  4. ↑ von Kortzfleisch, Gustav (1999) [1894]. Des Herzogs Friedrich Wilhelm von Braunschweig Zug durch Norddeutschland im Jahre 1809. Berlin: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-1216-4.
  5. ↑ Haythornthwaite, Philip J (1990), The Napoleonic Source Book, Guild Publishing, ISBN 978-1854092878 (p. 147)
  6. ↑ von Pivka, Otto (1992). Napoleon's German Allies: Vol 1 (Men-at-arms). Osprey. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-85045-211-2.
  7. ↑ Oman, Charles (1993). Wellington's Army 1809-1814. Stackpole Books. p. 225. ISBN 0-947898-41-7.
  8. ↑ Oman, Charles (1993). Wellington's Army 1809-1814. Stackpole Books. pp. 351–372. ISBN 0-947898-41-7.
  9. ↑ Glover, Michael (1974). The Peninsular War 1807-1814. Penguin Books. pp. 378–386.
  10. ↑ "Allied order of battle: Wellington's Army (1815)". Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  11. ↑ Battle of Quatre Bras: Allies' reinforcements
  12. ↑ Von Pivka 1973 (p.23)
  13. ↑ von Pivka, O. p.23
  14. ↑ Anglo-Allied Army in Flanders and France - 1815: Changes in Command and Organization
  15. ↑ Battle of Quatre Bras: Wellington's offensive
  16. ↑ Von Pivka 1973 (p.24)
  17. ↑ Anglo-Allied Army in Flanders and France - 1815
  18. ↑ Geoffrey Wootten, Waterloo 1815: The Birth of Modern Europe, Osprey Publishing Ltd 1992 ISBN 1-85532-210-2 (p.76)
  19. ↑ Napoleon's Guard infantry at Waterloo
  20. ↑ Von Pivka 1973 p.29
  21. ↑ The Black Brunswickers, Ludwig Baer
  22. ↑ Von Pivka, p.33
  23. ↑ Von Pivka, p.34
  24. ↑ Von Pivka, p.36
  25. ↑ Von Pivka, p.35
  26. ↑ Philip Haythornthwaite, Uniforms Of Waterloo In Colour, Blandford Press Ltd, Poole, 1974, ISBN 0-7137-0714-3 (p. 125)
  27. ↑ Spehr, Louis Ferdinand (1861). Friedrich Wilhelm, Herzog von Braunschweig-Lüneburg-Oels. Braunschweig: Meyer.
  28. ↑ Scott, Walter (2007) [1816]. Paul's Letters to His Kinsfolk. unknown. p. 524. ISBN 978-0-548-08572-1.
  29. ↑ Kershaw, Robert (2014). 24 Hours at Waterloo: 18 June 1815. WH Allen. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-753-54144-9.
  30. ↑ "The Royal Academy and Other Exhibitions". Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine 88.537 (Excerpt, pp79-84). July 1860. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  31. ↑ Prebben Kannik, Military Uniforms in Colour, Blandford Press 1968 ISBN 0-7137-0482-9 (p.224)
  32. ↑ Wilson History & Research Centre: The Black Brunswickers by Ludwig Baer
  33. ↑ Von Pivka (1973) p.9
  34. ↑ Verlag Starnberg, "Die Uniformen der Deutschen Armee", ISBN 3-88706-249-3

Further reading

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