Bulgarian verbs

Main article: Bulgarian grammar

Bulgarian verbs are the most complicated part of Bulgarian grammar, especially when compared to other Slavic languages. They are inflected for person, number and sometimes gender. They also have lexical aspect (perfective and imperfective), voice, nine tenses, three moods,[note 1] four evidentials and six non-finite verbal forms. Because the subject of the verb can be inferred from the verb ending, it is often omitted. As there is no infinitive in the contemporary Bulgarian language the basic form of a verb is its present simple tense first person singular form.

Conjugations

There are three conjugations. Of which conjugation of a verb is determined by the final vowel, in which the verb ends in the third person singular present simple tense. Verbs of the first conjugation end in e, of the second in и and of the third in а or я.

Aspect

Bulgarian verbs express lexical aspect (вид). The verbs are either of imperfective (глаголи от несвършен вид) or perfective (глаголи от свършен вид) aspect. The former describe actions in progress (uncompleted actions) and the latter whole completed actions (actions which have a beginning and an end). So in Bulgarian an English verb is usually translated by two verbs (or sometimes by even three, see below). Perfective verbs can be usually formed from imperfective ones by suffixation or prefixation, but when prefixes (or very rarely suffixes) are used the resultant verb often deviates in meaning from the original. It is better to learn the pairs of verbs by heart because there are not any strict rules and irregularities are very common. Nevertheless many verbs can be grouped according to their stem change:

Perfective Imperfective Perfective Imperfective Perfective Imperfective
предложа предлагам отговоря отговарям кажа казвам
изложа излагам изговоря изговарям накажа наказвам
сложа слагам преговоря преговарям предскажа предсказвам
възложа възлагам договоря договарям докажа доказвам

The verbs from one pair are of different conjugations, for example кажа is from the first conjugation and казвам from the third.

In the past imperfect and the present tense perfective verbs cannot stand alone in an independent clause, in these tenses such verbs are used only in subordinate clauses.

Secondary imperfective verbs

Very often when a perfective verb is formed from an imperfective one by means of a prefix (or rarely a suffix) this verb can be made again imperfective using a suffix. The resultant verb is called secondary imperfective verb (вторичен несвършен глагол). Here are some examples of such verbs:

Initial imperfective verb Perfective verb Secondary imperfective verb Meaning
мета измета измитам to sweep
вадя извадя изваждам to take out
лъжа излъжа излъгвам to tell a lie
мажа намажа намазвам to spread, to smear
уча науча научавам to learn
пиша напиша написвам to write
чета прочета прочитам to read
мърдам мръдна мръдвам to move
топя топна топвам to dip

Verbs from the first type describe uncompleted actions (for example the verb мета could be roughly translated in English as to be sweeping), verbs from the second describe whole, completed actions. Verbs from the third type are a combination between the first two. Although they are imperfective as the initial ones, they preserve the perfective meaning of the second verbs, they are only grammatically imperfective.

An explanation of the nuances between the three columns follows:

Secondary imperfective verbs are used in cases where it's grammatically incorrect to use perfective verbs (there are tenses, the present tense for example, where perfective verbs cannot stand alone in an independent clause) but one wants to use their meaning, or where the action is complete but repeated over time. See below for examples.

Contrasting imperfective, perfective and secondary imperfective verbs

Adverbial participle
Present tense
Past imperfect
Past aorist
Future tense

Tenses

Present Tense (Praesens)

The present tense is used to:

Imperfective and perfective verbs are conjugated in the same way.

Verbs form the present tense according to their conjugation. They take the following personal endings:

Personal endings
Person 1st and 2nd

conjugation

 3rd

conjugation

Singular Plural Singular Plural
1st -а/я -м -м -ме
2nd -ш -те -ш -те
3rd - -ат/ят - -т

See Bulgarian verb paradigm for the full conjugation.

Discrepancy between spelling and pronunciation

Although verbs of the first and second conjugation in first person singular end in -а/я, and in third person plural in -ат/ят, when the stress falls on these endings, they are not pronounced а/йа and ат/йат but ъ/йъ and ът/йът instead.[1]

Discrepancy between spelling and pronunciation
Correct spelling

Incorrect pronunciation

 Correct pronunciation

Incorrect spelling

чета

четат

 четъ̀

четъ̀т

летя

летят

 летьъ̀

летьъ̀т

The incorrect pronunciation is considered to be an error.

Neologisms

Newly adopted verbs, especially from English, tend to take a –ирам (–iram) ending, in which case they only have one form (the imperfective). Since this is not a native suffix (loaned from German verbal suffix -ieren), recent colloquial formations prefer the native suffixes –вам (-vam) and –на (–na) which do form an imperfective/perfective pair. Examples:

These verbs, especially the latter group, are extremely new and have not yet made it into the dictionaries.

Past Imperfect (Imperfectum)

Past Imperfect (Минало несвършено време) is used to talk about a temporary situation that existed at or around a particular time in the past. It also expresses past actions that were frequent, repeated, permanent or always true. Its most common use is in story telling to provide a background to other actions which are usually expressed with verbs in the past aorist. In this use it means that the action had begun and was in progress when the other action(s) happened, we do not know whether it stopped or not.

Both imperfective and perfective verbs have past imperfect. They are conjugated in the same way.

Verbs form the past imperfect with the following endings (they are the same for all conjugations):

Personal endings

Past Imperfect

Person Number
Singular Plural
First -х -хме
Second -ше -хте
Third -ше -ха

These endings are added to the past imperfect basis. See Bulgarian verb paradigm for the full conjugation.

Past Aorist (Aoristus)

Past aorist (Минало свършено време) expresses an action that happened at a specific time in the past. Both imperfective and perfective verbs have such tense (there is no difference in their conjugation).

Similarly, as in past imperfect, verbs have past aorist basis to which the following personal endings are added (they are the same for all conjugations):

Personal endings

Past Aorist

Person Number
Singular Plural
First -х -хме
Second - -хте
Third - -ха

See Bulgarian verb paradigm for the full conjugation.

Imperfective and perfective verbs

Although imperfective and perfective verbs are conjugated in the same way in the past aorist, there is difference in their meaning. Compare the sentences:

With an imperfective verb Meaning With a perfective verb Meaning
Вчера четох една книгаYesterday, I read a book but I did not finish itВчера прочетох една книгаYesterday, I finished reading a book/I read a whole book.

Past Imperfect or Past Aorist

Usually the difference between the two tenses is very clear:

But imperfective verbs both in past imperfect and past aorist can express actions that have long duration and therefore both tenses can be used to say that one action happened at the same time as another. One should always keep in mind that past aorist means that the action began and stopped, and past imperfect that the action was in progress. Compare the sentences (they all contain the imperfective verb играя that expresses an action with some duration, but depending on the tense the sentences have different meaning):

Sentence Meaning
Докато децата играеха навън, едно от тях си счупи крака.While the kids were playing outside one of them broke his/her leg. (играеха is in past imperfect and счупи is a perfective verb in past aorist. This means that at a single moment of their play the kid broke his/her leg)
Децата си прекараха чудесно, докато играха навън.The kids had a great time playing outside. Literal translation: The kids had a great time while they played outside. (прекараха is a perfective verb in past aorist and играха is in past aorist. Since играха is not in past imperfect the sentence means that the kids had a great time during the whole time they played outside, not just at a single moment)
Децата играха навън, докато не заваля.The kids played outside until it started raining. (The action ended that's why играха is in the past aorist, not in the past imperfect)
Децата играеха навън. Изведнъж заваля, но продължиха да играят.The kids were playing outside. Suddenly, it started raining but they continued to play. (The action did not end so играеха cannot be in the past aorist)

Present Perfect (Perfectum)

Present perfect (in Bulgarian минало неопределено време, past indefinite tense) expresses an action which happened in the past, but the precise moment when it happened is not specified. It is either not known or not important (in contrast with past aorist). What is important is the result of the action. The tense has a lot in common with the English present perfect.

Present perfect is made up of the verb съм, conjugated in present tense, and the past active aorist participle of the main verb. Not only person (first, second, third) and number, but also gender must be taken into account in the process of conjugating. In other words, the corresponding indefinite forms of the participle (masculine, feminine, neuter, singular, plural) are used according to the gender and number of the subject. For the position of the verb съм see word order.

Example (чета, to read):

Present Perfect

Number First person Second person Third person
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Singular чел съм чела съм чело съм чел си чела си чело си чел е чела е чело е
Plural чели сме чели сте чели са

In contrast with English, in Bulgarian (very rarely) the present perfect can be used even if the moment when the action happened is specified. In such cases the importance of the action or its result is emphasized:

Past Perfect

Past perfect (in Bulgarian минало предварително време, "past preliminary tense") expresses an action that happened before another past action. It is made up of the past tense of съм and the past active aorist participle of the main verb. Again as in present perfect the participle agrees in number and gender with the subject. For the position of the verb съм see word order.

Example (чета, to read):

Past Perfect

Number First person Second person Third person
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Singular бях чел бях чела бях чело бе(ше) чел бе(ше) чела бе(ше) чело бе(ше) чел бе(ше) чела бе(ше) чело
Plural бяхме чели бяхте чели бяха чели

Rarely the past perfect can be used for actions that happened at an indefinite time in the past but very long ago, especially in sentences containing the phrase "someone sometimes said":

Future Tense (Futurum primum)

The future tense (in Bulgarian бъдеще време) is formed with the particle ще (derived from the verb ща, "to want") and the present simple tense (ще always stands before the present forms). In contrast with the other tenses negation is not expressed with the particle не, but with the construction няма да + the present tense. Forms with не are also possible but they are found mainly in the poetry.

Example (чета, to read):

Future Tense

Person Number
Singular Plural
Positive Negative Positive Negative
First ще чета няма да чета ще четем няма да четем
Second ще четеш няма да четеш ще четете няма да четете
Third ще чете няма да чете ще четат няма да четат

The verb съм forms the future in two ways. The first one with its present tense, and the second one with its special future form - бъда. The latter is more common:

Future Tense of съм

Person Number
Singular Plural
Positive Negative Positive Negative
First ще съм ще бъда няма да съм няма да бъда ще сме ще бъдем няма да сме няма да бъдем
Second ще си ще бъдеш няма да си няма да бъдеш ще сте ще бъдете няма да сте няма да бъдете
Third ще е ще бъде няма да е няма да бъде ще са ще бъдат няма да са няма да бъдат

Future Perfect (Futurum Secundum exactum)

Future perfect (in Bulgarian бъдеще предварително време, future preliminary tense) expresses an action which is to take place in the future before another future action. It is made up of the future tense of the verb съм (in this tense the form with бъда is less common than the usual one) and the past active aorist participle of the main verb which agrees in number and gender with the subject.

Example (чета, to read):

Future Perfect

Person Gender Number
Singular Plural
Positive Negative Positive Negative
First Masculine ще съм чел ще бъда чел няма да съм чел няма да бъда чел ще сме чели ще бъдем чели няма да сме чели няма да бъдем чели
Feminine ще съм чела ще бъда чела няма да съм чела няма да бъда чела
Neuter ще съм чело ще бъда чело няма да съм чело няма да бъда чело
Second Masculine ще си чел ще бъдеш чел няма да си чел няма да бъдеш чел ще сте чели ще бъдете чели няма да сте чели няма да бъдете чели
Feminine ще си чела ще бъдеш чела няма да си чела няма да бъдеш чела
Neuter ще си челo ще бъдеш челo няма да си челo няма да бъдеш челo
Third Masculine ще е чел ще бъде чел няма да е чел няма да бъде чел ще са чели ще бъдат чели няма да са чели няма да бъдат чели
Feminine ще е чела ще бъде чела няма да е чела няма да бъде чела
Neuter ще е чело ще бъде чело няма да е чело няма да бъде чело

Past Future Tense

Past future tense or future in the past (in Bulgarian бъдеще време в миналото, future tense in the past) expresses an action which was to be completed in the past but was future as regards another past action. It is made up of the past imperfect of the verb ща "will, want", the particle да "to" and the present tense of the main verb. Negation is expressed with the construction нямаше да + the present tense, although forms with не are also possible but found mainly in the poetry.

Example (чета, to read):

Past Future Tense

Person Number
Singular Plural
Positive Negative Positive Negative
First щях да чета нямаше да чета щяхме да четем нямаше да четем
Second щеше да четеш нямаше да четеш щяхте да четете нямаше да четете
Third щеше да чете нямаше да чете щяха да четат нямаше да четат

The verb съм forms the future in the past in two ways. The first one with its present tense, and the second one with бъда (щях да съм and щях да бъда). The latter is more common.

Past Future Perfect

Past future perfect or future perfect in the past (in Bulgarian бъдеще предварително време в миналото, future preliminary tense in the past) expresses a past action which is future with respect to a past action which itself is prior to another past action. It is made up of the past imperfect of ща "will, want", the particle да "to", the present tense of the verb съм "be" (in other words, the past future tense of съм, but not the form with бъда) and the past active aorist participle of the main verb, which agrees in number and gender with the subject.

Example (чета, to read):

Past Future Perfect

Person Gender Number
Singular Plural
Positive Negative Positive Negative
First Masculine щях да съм чел нямаше да съм чел щяхме да сме чели нямаше да сме чели
Feminine щях да съм чела нямаше да съм чела
Neuter щях да съм чело нямаше да съм чело
Second Masculine щеше да си чел нямаше да си чел щяхте да сте чели нямаше да сте чели
Feminine щеше да си чела нямаше да си чела
Neuter щеше да си челo нямаше да си челo
Third Masculine щеше да е чел нямаше да е чел щяха да са чели нямаше да са чели
Feminine щеше да е чела нямаше да е чела
Neuter щеше да е чело нямаше да е чело

Voice

The voice in Bulgarian adjectives is presented not through the auxiliary verb, as it is in English ("I have eaten" - active; "I was eaten" - passive), but rather by the ending on the past participle; the auxiliary remains съм ("to be"):

See also Participles, below.

Mood

Modal distinctions in subordinate clauses are expressed not through verb endings, but through the choice of complementizer - че (che) or да (da) (which might both be translated with the relative pronoun "that"). The verbs remain unchanged.[note 2] Thus:

The imperative has its own conjugation - usually by adding -и or -ай (-i or -ay) to the root of the verb:

Conditional mood

The so-called conditional refers to a possible action, which is usually intentional and under the control of a subject.[2] It is formed by a special form[note 3] of the auxiliary 'съм' (to be), and the aorist active participle of the main verb:[3]

First person Second person Third person
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Singular бѝх чѐл бѝх чѐла бѝх чѐло бѝ чѐл бѝ чѐла бѝ чѐло бѝ чѐл бѝ чѐла бѝ чѐло
Plural бѝхме чѐли бѝхте чѐли бѝха чѐли

Evidentials

Bulgarian verbs are inflected not only for aspect, tense and modality, but also for evidentiality, that is, the source of the information conveyed by them. There is a four-way distinction between the unmarked (indicative) forms, which imply that the speaker was a witness of the event or knows it as a general fact; the inferential, which signals general non-witness information or one based on inference; the renarrative, which indicates that the information was reported to the speaker by someone else; and the dubitative, which is used for reported information if the speaker doubts its veracity.[4][5] This can be illustrated with the four possible ways of rendering in Bulgarian the English sentence 'The dog ate the fish' (here 'AORPT' denotes the aorist active participle):

Indicative:

Ку̀чето   изя̀де   рѝбата
kučeto   izjade   ribata
dog-DEF   eat.AOR-3sg   fish-DEF
"I know from my own observation that the dog ate the fish."

Inferential:

Ку̀чето   е   изя̀ло   рѝбата
kučeto   e   izjalo   ribata
dog-DEF   be.3sg   eat.AORPT-Nsg   fish-DEF
"The dog must have eaten the fish." (The speaker did not witness it, but inferred it, for example, from the fact that the fish was missing and there were a pile of fish bones by the kennel.)

Renarrative:

Ку̀чето   изя̀ло   рѝбата
kučeto   izjalo   ribata
dog-DEF   eat.AORPT-Nsg   fish-DEF
"I've been told that the dog ate the fish."

Dubitative:

Ку̀чето   било̀   изя̀ло   рѝбата
kučeto   bilo   izjalo   ribata
dog-DEF   be.AORPT-Nsg   eat.AORPT-Nsg   fish-DEF
"I've been told that the dog ate the fish, but I doubt it." (Alternatively, this can be taken to imply that the speaker has heard about it from someone else, who in turn was not a witness of the event).

On a theoretical level, there are alternatives to treating those forms as the four members of a single evidential category. I. Kutsarov, for example, posits a separate category, which he terms 'type of utterance' (вид на изказването), proper to which is only the distinction between forms, expressing speaker's own statements (indicative, inferential), and forms that retell statements of another (renarrative, dubitative).[6] The inferential is then viewed as one of the moods,[7] and the dubitative - as a renarrative inferential, whose dubitative meaning, albeit more frequent, is only secondary.[8] Another view is presented by G. Gerdzhikov - in his treatment there are two distinctive features involved - subjectivity and renarrativity. The indicative is unmarked for both, the inferential is marked for subjectivity, the renarrative - for renarrativity, and the dubitative is marked for both subjectivity and renarrativity.[9]

Forms

An evidential for a given tense is formed by taking the past active participle of the verb (or auxiliary, if there is one) of the corresponding indicative tense, and adding a form of the auxiliary verb съм (to be). For the inferential and the renarrative it is its present tense form, which, however, is omitted in the 3rd person of the renarrative;[10] hence inferential and renarrative forms are generally not distinguished in the 1st and 2nd person.[11] The dubitative is formed from the renarrative by adding the past active participle of the verb съм (to be).[12] An example paradigm is given in the following table.[13] Given for reference are some tenses of the indicative (these are the imperfect, aorist, perfect, future in the past and future perfect in the past). Whenever there are participles involved, they are given in their masculine form, but they have different forms for the three genders in the singular.[note 4]

Conjugation of чета̀ (to read) in the evidential system
Tense Person
and Number		 Evidential
Indicative Inferential [note 5] Renarrative Dubitative
Present
and
Imperfect		 1sg четя̀х четя̀л съм четя̀л съм бѝл съм четя̀л
2sg четѐшечетя̀л сичетя̀л сибѝл си четя̀л
3sg четѐше четя̀л е четя̀л бѝл четя̀л
1pl четя̀хме четѐли сме четѐли сме билѝ сме четѐли
2pl четя̀хте четѐли сте четѐли сте билѝ сте четѐли
3pl четя̀ха четѐли са четѐли билѝ четѐли
Aorist 1sg чѐтох чѐл съм чѐл съм бѝл съм чѐл
2sg чѐте чѐл си чѐл си бѝл си чѐл
3sg чѐте чѐл е чѐл бѝл чѐл
1pl чѐтохме чѐли сме чѐли сме билѝ сме чѐли
2pl чѐтохте чѐли сте чѐли сте билѝ сте чѐли
3pl чѐтоха чѐли са чѐли билѝ чѐли
Perfect
and
Past Perfect		 1sg чѐл съм бѝл съм чѐл бѝл съм чѐл бѝл съм чѐл
2sg чѐл си бѝл си чѐл бѝл си чѐл бѝл си чѐл
3sg чѐл е бѝл е чѐл бѝл чѐл бѝл чѐл
1pl чѐли сме билѝ сме чѐли билѝ сме чѐли билѝ сме чѐли
2pl чѐли сте билѝ сте чѐли билѝ сте чѐли билѝ сте чѐли
3pl чѐли са билѝ са чѐли билѝ чѐли билѝ чѐли
Future
and
Future
in the
Past		 pos. 1sg щя̀х да чета̀ щя̀л съм да чета̀ щя̀л съм да чета̀ щя̀л съм бѝл да чета̀
2sg щѐше да четѐш щя̀л си да четѐш щя̀л си да четѐш щя̀л си бѝл да четѐш
3sg щѐше да четѐ щя̀л е да четѐ щя̀л да четѐ щя̀л бѝл да четѐ
1pl щя̀хме да четѐм щѐли сме да четѐм щѐли сме да четѐм щѐли сме билѝ да четѐм
2pl щя̀хте да четѐте щѐли сте да четѐте щѐли сте да четѐте щѐли сте билѝ да четѐте
3pl щя̀ха да чета̀т щѐли са да чета̀т щѐли да чета̀т щѐли билѝ да чета̀т
neg. 1sg ня̀маше да чета̀ ня̀мало съм да чета̀ ня̀мало (съм) да чета̀ ня̀мало било̀ да чета̀
2sg ня̀маше да четѐш ня̀мало си да четѐш ня̀мало (си) да четѐш ня̀мало било̀ да четѐш
3sg ня̀маше да четѐ ня̀мало е да четѐ ня̀мало да четѐ ня̀мало било̀ да четѐ
1pl ня̀маше да четѐм ня̀мало сме да четѐм ня̀мало (сме) да четѐм ня̀мало било̀ да четѐм
2pl ня̀маше да четѐте ня̀мало сте да четѐте ня̀мало (сте) да четѐте ня̀мало било̀ да четѐте
3pl ня̀маше да чета̀т ня̀мало са да чета̀т ня̀мало да чета̀т ня̀мало било̀ да чета̀т
Future Perfect
and
Future
Perfect
in the
Past		 pos. 1sg щя̀х да съм чѐл щя̀л съм да съм чѐл щя̀л съм да съм чѐл щя̀л съм бѝл да съм чѐл
2sg щѐше да си чѐл щя̀л си да си чѐл щя̀л си да си чѐл щя̀л си бѝл да си чѐл
3sg щѐше да е чѐл щя̀л е да е чѐл щя̀л да е чѐл щя̀л бѝл да е чѐл
1pl щя̀хме да сме чѐли щѐли сме да сме чѐли щѐли сме да сме чѐли щѐли сме билѝ да сме чѐли
2pl щя̀хте да сте чѐли щѐли сте да сте чѐли щѐли сте да сте чѐли щѐли сте билѝ да сте чѐли
3pl щя̀ха да са чѐли щѐли са да са чѐли щѐли да са чѐли щѐли билѝ да са чѐли
neg. 1sg ня̀маше да съм чѐл ня̀мало съм да съм чѐл ня̀мало (съм) да съм чѐл ня̀мало било̀ да съм чѐл
2sg ня̀маше да си чѐл ня̀мало си да си чѐл ня̀мало (си) да си чѐл ня̀мало било̀ да си чѐл
3sg ня̀маше да е чѐл ня̀мало е да е чѐл ня̀мало да е чѐл ня̀мало било̀ да е чѐл
1pl ня̀маше да сме чѐли ня̀мало сме да сме чѐли ня̀мало (сме) да сме чѐли ня̀мало било̀ да сме чѐли
2pl ня̀маше да сте чѐли ня̀мало сте да сте чѐли ня̀мало (сте) да сте чѐли ня̀мало било̀ да сте чѐли
3pl ня̀маше да са чѐли ня̀мало да са чѐли ня̀мало да са чѐли ня̀мало било̀ да са чѐли
  Indicative Inferential Renarrative Dubitative

Additionally, there are also a few rare forms for some of the future tenses. In some cases, there are less common forms in which the auxiliary ще remains impersonal instead of being inflected for person and number; thus for the inferential and renarrative future/future in the past rare forms of the type ще съм четя̀л are possible alongside the more common forms of the type щя̀л съм да чета̀,[14][15] for the inferential future perfect in the past - ще съм бѝл чѐл alongside the usual щя̀л съм да съм чѐл,[16] and for the dubitative future/ future in the past - rare forms of the type ще съм бѝл четя̀л in addition to the more common forms of the type щя̀л съм бѝл да чета̀.[17] Also, the negative form of the dubitative future perfect/future perfect in the past can be either ня̀мало било̀ да съм чѐл, or ня̀мало съм бил да съм чѐл.[18]

Participles

Past active aorist participle

Past active aorist participle (минало свършено деятелно причастие) is used to form the present perfect, in the renarrative and conditional mood and as an adjective. It is formed by adding -л (this is its masculine indefinite form) to the past aorist basis (first person singular past aorist tensе but without the final х), but additional alterations of the basis are also possible. The indefinite feminine, neuter and plural forms take respectively the endings -а, -о and -и after the masculine form. The definite forms are formed from the indefinite by adding the definite articles -ят/я for masculine participles, та for feminine participles, то for neuter participles and те for plural participles

See also Voice above

See Bulgarian verb paradigm for the full conjugation.

Notes

  1. ↑ These are the indicative, the imperative and the conditional. Additionally, the inferential is treated as a fourth mood by those linguists who do not include it within the evidential system (e.g. Kutsarov 2007, p. 282-286). And there are a few authors who treat da-forms as constituting a conjunctive mood, but the prevailing opinion is against this view (Kutsarov 2007, p.282, Nitsolova 2008, p. 327)
  2. ↑ In ordinary sentences, the imperfective aspect is most often used for the indicative, and the perfective for the subjunctive, but any combination is possible, with the corresponding change in meaning.
    • eg iskam da stanesh (perfective) / iskam da stavash (imperfective) - i want you to get up.
    The latter is more insisting, since the imperfective is the more immediate construction.
  3. ↑ Historically, it is the aorist form.
  4. ↑ Exceptions are the auxiliary ня̀мало in all negative future and future perfect forms, and ня̀мало било̀ in the negative future (perfect) dubitative, which always remain in the neuter singular.
  5. ↑ There are inferential forms only for the past tenses - imperfect, aorist, past perfect and future (perfect) in the past (Nitsolova 2008, p. 353). Thus, while the renarrative form четя̀л can have both present and imperfect meaning, the corresponding inferential четя̀л е can only be imperfect.

References

  1. ↑ Murdarov, Vladko (2012). Mariya Buneva, ed. Official orthographic dictionary of the Bulgarian language (in Bulgarian). Prosveta - Sofia. pp. 11–12. ISBN 9789540127019.
  2. ↑ Nitsolova 2008, p. 397
  3. ↑ Nitsolova 2008, p. 395
  4. ↑ Nitsolova 2008, pp. 322–323.
  5. ↑ Gerdzhikov 2003, pp. 5–13.
  6. ↑ Kutsarov 2007, pp. 294–307.
  7. ↑ Kutsarov 2007, pp. 282–6.
  8. ↑ Kutsarov 2007, pp. 316–318, 326.
  9. ↑ Gerdzhikov 2003, pp. 24–25.
  10. ↑ Gerdzhikov 2003, pp. 40–1.
  11. ↑ Nitsolova 2008, p. 362.
  12. ↑ Nitsolova 2008, p. 370.
  13. ↑ It is based on (Nitsolova 2008, pp. 357–60, 365–69, 372–75), and (Kutsarov 2007, pp. 297–303, 308–321, 388–396)
  14. ↑ Kutsarov 2007, pp. 300, 312.
  15. ↑ Nitsolova 2008, p. 368.
  16. ↑ Kutsarov 2007, p. 303.
  17. ↑ Kutsarov 2007, p. 320.
  18. ↑ Nitsolova 2008, p. 275.

Bibliography

External links

For a list of words relating to Bulgarian verbs, see the Bulgarian verbs category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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