Hanlin Academy

The Hanlin Academy (Chinese: 翰林院; pinyin: Hànlín Yuàn; literally: "Brush Wood Court") was an academic and administrative institution founded in the eighth-century Tang China by Emperor Xuanzong.

Membership in the academy was confined to an elite group of scholars, who performed secretarial and literary tasks for the court. One of its main duties was to decide on an interpretation of the Chinese classics. This formed the basis of the Imperial examinations, which aspiring bureaucrats had to pass to attain higher level posts. Painters working for the court were also attached to the academy.

Academy members

Some of the more famous academicians of Hanlin were:

The title Wujing boshi 五經博士 was created in the Han dynasty.[1][2][3][4][5] Holders of the title were considered part of Hanlin.[6]

A Ming dynasty Emperor granted a hereditary title within the Hanlin academy to a descendant of Mencius.

A Ming Emperor awarded the office of Wujing boshi 五經博士 to the southern branch of the Duke Yansheng (descendants of Confucius) at Quzhou, while the northern branch at Qufu retained the title Duke Yansheng.

Confucian sages (Disciples of Confucius and Neo Confucian scholars) offspring were granted the office of "Wujing Boshi" (五经博士; 五經博士; Wǔjīng Bóshì).[7] There were 22 of them.[8][9][10] "Present Day Political Organization of China" by V.V. Hagelstrom and H.S. Brunnert contains a list of people who were awarded the title:[11] The title of 五經博士 Wu3 Ching1 Po2 Shih4, or simply 博士 Po2 Shih4 (literary designation, 大瀚博 Ta4 Han4 Po2), is also transmitted to the eldest, in a direct line, of the descendants of the following famous men of antiquity : 1. 周公 Chou1 Kung1, 2. 顏淵 Yen2 Yüan1, 3. 曾子輿 Tsêng1 Tzu3-yü2, 4. 閔子騫 Min3 Tzu3-ch'ien1, 5. 仲季路 Chung4 Chi4-lu4, 6. 有子有 Yu3 Tzu3-yu3, 7. 端木子貢 Tuan1 Mu4 Tzu3 Kung4, 8. 卜子夏 Pu3 Tzu3-hsia4, 9. 言子游 Yen2 Tzu3-yu2, 10. 冉伯牛 Jan3 Po2-niu2, 11. 冉仲弓 Jan3 Chung4-kung1, 12. 顓孫子張 Chuan1 Sun1 Tzu3 Chang1, 13. 孟子 Mêng4 Tzu3, 14. 伏生 Fu2 Shêng1, 15. 韓愈 Han4 Yü4, 16. 周敦頤 Chou1 Tun1-i2, 17. 邵雍 Shao4 Yung1, 18. 程顥 Ch'êng2 Hao4, 19. 程頤 Ch'êng2 I2, 20. 張載 Chang 1 Tsai3, 21. 朱熹 Chu1 Hsi3, and 22. 關羽 Kuan1 Yü3.[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] It was also granted to the cadet branch of the Confucius family at Quzhou.[26][27] Zhang Zai's offspring received the appointment as wujing boshi along with Zhu Xi's, Cheng Hao's, Cheng Yi's, and Zhou Dunyi's offspring.[28]

Bureau of Translators

Subordinated to the Hanlin Academy was the Bureau of Translators (Chinese: 四夷館/四译館; pinyin: Sìyí Guǎn/Sìyì Guǎn; Wade–Giles: Szu4-i2 Kuan3/Szu4-i4 Kuan3).[29] Founded by the Ming dynasty in 1407, after the first expedition of Zheng He to the Indian Ocean, the Bureau dealt with the memorials delivered by foreign ambassadors and trained foreign language specialists. It included departments for many languages[30] such as the Jurchen,[31][32][33] "Tartar" (Mongol),[34] Korean,[35] Ryukyuan, Japanese,[36][37][38][39][40] Tibetan,[41][42][43][44][45] "Huihui" (the "Muslim" language, Persian)[34][46][47] Vietnamese[48] and Burmese languages,[48][49][50] as well as for the languages of the "various barbarian tribes" (Bai yi 百夷, i.e., Shan ethnic groups on China's southwestern borders), "Gaochang" (people of Turfan, i.e. Old Uyghur language),[34][47][51] and Xitian (西天; (Sanskrit, spoken in India)). In 1511 and 1579 departments for the languages of Ba bai (八百; Lao) and Thai were added, respectively.[52] A Malay language vocabulary (Ma La Jia Guo Yi Yu) 滿剌加館譯語 (Words-list of Melaka Kingdom) for the Malay spoken in the Malacca Sultanate was compiled.[53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65] A Cham language vocabulary 占城館 was created for the language spoken in the Champa Kingdom.[66][67]

When the Qing dynasty revived the Ming Siyiguan 四夷館, the Manchus, who "were sensitive to references to barbarians", changed the name from yi 夷 "barbarian" to yi 彝 "Yi people", and changed the Shan exonym from Baiyi 百夷 "hundred barbarians" to Baiyi 百譯 "hundred translations".[68]

The later Tongwen Guan set up by the Qing dynasty for translating western languages was subordinated to the Zongli Yamen and not the Hanlin.

1900 fire

The Academy and its library were severely damaged in a fire during the siege of the Foreign Legations in Beijing in 1900 by the Kansu Braves while fighting against the Eight-Nation Alliance. On June 24, the fire spread to the Academy:

The old buildings burned like tinder with a roar which drowned the steady rattle of musketry as Tung Fu-shiang's Moslems fired wildly through the smoke from upper windows.

Some of the incendiaries were shot down, but the buildings were an inferno and the old trees standing round them blazed like torches.

An attempt was made to save the famous Yung Lo Ta Tien, but heaps of volumes had been destroyed, so the attempt was given up.

— eyewitness Lancelot Giles, son of Herbert Giles[69]

Many ancient texts were destroyed by the flames.[70]

The Academy operated continuously until its closure during the 1911 Xinhai Revolution.

See also

Further reading

References

  1. ↑ Rudolf G. Wagner (1 February 2012). Craft of a Chinese Commentator, The: Wang Bi on the Laozi. SUNY Press. pp. 359–. ISBN 978-0-7914-9338-0.
  2. ↑ Daniel K. Gardner (2003). Zhu Xi's Reading of the Analects: Canon, Commentary, and the Classical Tradition. Columbia University Press. pp. 7–. ISBN 978-0-231-12864-3.
  3. ↑ Mingyuan Gu (25 November 2013). Cultural Foundations of Chinese Education. BRILL. pp. 85–. ISBN 978-90-04-26316-1.
  4. ↑ Tianyu Cao; Xueping Zhong; Liao Kebin; Ban Wang (24 October 2013). Culture and Social Transformations: Theoretical Framework and Chinese Context. BRILL. pp. 123–. ISBN 978-90-04-26051-1. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  5. ↑ Joachim Gentz (4 September 2013). Religious Diversity in Chinese Thought. Springer. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-1-137-31850-3.
  6. ↑ Shih-shan Henry Tsai (1 July 2011). Perpetual happiness: the Ming emperor Yongle. University of Washington Press. pp. 96–. ISBN 978-0-295-80022-6.
  7. ↑ Xinzhong Yao (11 May 2015). The Encyclopedia of Confucianism: 2-volume Set. Routledge. pp. 29–. ISBN 978-1-317-79349-6.
  8. ↑ Mark P. McNicholas (5 April 2016). Forgery and Impersonation in Imperial China: Popular Deceptions and the High Qing State. University of Washington Press. pp. 128–. ISBN 978-0-295-80623-5.
  9. ↑ Forgery and Impersonation in Late Imperial China: Popular Appropriations of Official Authority, 1700--1820. ProQuest. 2007. pp. 199–. ISBN 978-0-549-52893-7.
  10. ↑ Xinzhong Yao (2003). RoutledgeCurzon Encyclopedia of Confucianism. RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 29–. ISBN 978-0-415-30652-2.
  11. ↑ FREDERIC WAKEMAN JR. (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. pp. 858–. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.
  12. ↑ H.S. Brunnert; V.V. Hagelstrom (15 April 2013). Present Day Political Organization of China. Routledge. pp. 493–494. ISBN 978-1-135-79795-9.
  13. ↑ http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/Present_Day_Political_Organization_of_China_1000115601/507
  14. ↑ https://archive.org/stream/presentdaypoliti00brun#page/492/mode/2up
  15. ↑ H.S. Brunnert; V.V. Hagelstrom (15 April 2013). Present Day Political Organization of China. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79794-2.
  16. ↑ http://www.kong.org.cn/Item/Show.asp?m=1&d=458
  17. ↑ http://www.chinabaike.com/article/122/135/191/2007/2007021644139_11.html
  18. ↑ http://wap.kdnet.net/?boardid=1&id=10809824&t=topic-show
  19. ↑ Qin ding da Qing hui dian (Jiaqing chao)0. 1818. pp. 1084–.
  20. ↑ 不詳 (21 August 2015). 新清史. 朔雪寒. pp. –. GGKEY:ZFQWEX019E4.
  21. ↑ http://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=557587
  22. ↑ http://www.taodabai.com/2608556.html
  23. ↑ 王士禎 (3 September 2014). 池北偶談. 朔雪寒. pp. –. GGKEY:ESB6TEXXDCT.
  24. ↑ 徐錫麟; 錢泳 (10 September 2014). 熙朝新語. 朔雪寒. pp. –. GGKEY:J62ZFNAA1NF.
  25. ↑ http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_d2b9ecb50102v4vn.html
  26. ↑ Thomas A. Wilson (2002). On Sacred Grounds: Culture, Society, Politics, and the Formation of the Cult of Confucius. Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 69,315. ISBN 978-0-674-00961-5.
  27. ↑ Thomas Jansen; Thoralf Klein; Christian Meyer (21 March 2014). Globalization and the Making of Religious Modernity in China: Transnational Religions, Local Agents, and the Study of Religion, 1800-Present. BRILL. pp. 188–. ISBN 978-90-04-27151-7.
  28. ↑ Chang Woei Ong (2008). Men of Letters Within the Passes: Guanzhong Literati in Chinese History, 907-1911. Harvard University Asia Center. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-674-03170-8.
  29. ↑ Wild, Norman. 1945. “Materials for the Study of the Ssŭ I Kuan 四 夷 譯 館 (bureau of Translators)”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 11 (3). Cambridge University Press: 617–40. http://www.jstor.org/stable/609340.
  30. ↑ http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/mulu/fb645.html
  31. ↑ Shou-p'ing Wu Ko (1855). Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature. pp. xix–.
  32. ↑ Translation of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese Grammar of the Manchu Tartar Language; with introductory notes on Manchu Literature: (translated by A. Wylie.). Mission Press. 1855. pp. xix–.
  33. ↑ de Lacouperie, Terrien. 1889. “The Djurtchen of Mandshuria: Their Name, Language, and Literature”. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 21 (2). Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 1. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25208941.
  34. 1 2 3 Morris Rossabi (28 November 2014). From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossabi. BRILL. pp. 98–. ISBN 978-90-04-28529-3.
  35. ↑ Ogura, S.. 1926. “A Corean Vocabulary”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London 4 (1). Cambridge University Press: 1–10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/607397.
  36. ↑ http://ir.lib.ntnu.edu.tw/retrieve/57290/ntnulib_ja_B0102_0046_095.pdf
  37. ↑ http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Chichi_Chu/publication/261862126__16-signed/links/00463535a7b0edccfd000000.pdf
  38. ↑ http://www.hanyushi.zju.edu.cn/attachments/old/200638144724258.pdf
  39. ↑ http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/rct/pdf/5th_abstract_online.pdf
  40. ↑ http://www.researchgate.net/publication/261862126__16-signed
  41. ↑ http://www.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kotenseki/html/ho05/ho05_02389/index.html
  42. ↑ http://www.academia.edu/3432241/A_Brief_History_of_the_Tibetan_Interpreter_Bureau_Xifan_Guan_in_the_Ming_Dynasty
  43. ↑ https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/138569/filename/La_chute_du_s.pdf
  44. ↑ http://www.nacos.com/shokado/Site01/mokuroku091203.pdf
  45. ↑ http://www.shukupdf.com/yuyanwenzi/SSXYXZCSXEJNXS.html
  46. ↑ Hecker, Felicia J.. 1993. “A Fifteenth-century Chinese Diplomat in Herat”. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 3 (1). Cambridge University Press: 91–93. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25182641?seq=7.
  47. 1 2 Morris Rossabi (28 November 2014). From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossabi. BRILL. pp. 94–. ISBN 978-90-04-28529-3.
  48. 1 2 http://khoavanhoc.edu.vn/attachments/455_Shimizu%20Masaaki%20-%20tailieu.pdf
  49. ↑ http://c.sou-yun.com/eBooks/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E4%B9%8B%E5%A4%96/%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%B7%E8%AD%AF%E8%AA%9E%20%E6%98%8E%20%E7%81%AB%E5%8E%9F%E6%BD%94%E6%92%B0/%E4%BA%8C.pdf
  50. ↑ http://c.sou-yun.com/eBooks/四庫之外/華夷譯語%20明%20火原潔撰/二.pdf
  51. ↑ Association for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee; Luther Carrington Goodrich (15 October 1976). Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368-1644. Columbia University Press. p. 1042, 1126.
  52. ↑ Norman Wild (1945), "Materials for the Study of the Ssŭ i Kuan 四夷(譯)館 (Bureau of Translators)", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 11 (3): 617–640, doi:10.1017/s0041977x00072311, JSTOR 609340; pp. 617-618.
  53. ↑ Vladimir Braginsky (18 March 2014). Classical Civilizations of South-East Asia. Routledge. pp. 366–. ISBN 978-1-136-84879-7.
  54. ↑ Edwards, E. D., and C. O. Blagden. 1931. “A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected Between A. D. 1403 and 1511 (?)”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London 6 (3). [Cambridge University Press, School of Oriental and African Studies]: 715–49. http://www.jstor.org/stable/607205.
  55. ↑ C. O. B.. 1939. “Corrigenda and Addenda: A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected Between A. D. 1403 and 1511 (?)”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London 10 (1). Cambridge University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/607921.
  56. ↑ Chee-Beng Tan (1 March 2004). Chinese Overseas: Comparative Cultural Issues. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 75–. ISBN 978-962-209-662-2.
  57. ↑ Chee-Beng Tan (1 March 2004). Chinese Overseas: Comparative Cultural Issues. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 75–. ISBN 978-962-209-661-5.
  58. ↑ Phyllis Ghim-Lian Chew (7 December 2012). A Sociolinguistic History of Early Identities in Singapore: From Colonialism to Nationalism. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 79–. ISBN 978-1-137-01233-3.
  59. ↑ Donald F. Lach (15 January 2010). Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume II: A Century of Wonder. Book 3: The Scholarly Disciplines. University of Chicago Press. pp. 493–. ISBN 978-0-226-46713-9.
  60. ↑ http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/34580/6/59005106.pdf p. 21
  61. ↑ http://www.nandazhan.com/jijinhui/nf07p013.htm
  62. ↑ http://iconada.tv/profiles/blogs/cn008#.VF8Mdsu9KSN
  63. ↑ http://opinions.sinchew.com.my/node/33525?tid=38
  64. ↑ http://iconada.tv/m/blogpost?id=3600580:BlogPost:211706
  65. ↑ V. I. Braginskiĭ (2007). ... and Sails the Boat Downstream: Malay Sufi Poems of the Boat. Department of Languages and Cultures of Southeast Asia and Oceania, University of Leiden. p. 95. ISBN 978-90-73084-24-7.
  66. ↑ Edwards, E. D., and C. O. Blagden. 1939. “A Chinese Vocabulary of Cham Words and Phrases”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London 10 (1). Cambridge University Press: 53–91. http://www.jstor.org/stable/607926.
  67. ↑ Vladimir Braginsky (18 March 2014). Classical Civilizations of South-East Asia. Routledge. pp. 398–. ISBN 978-1-136-84879-7.
  68. ↑ Wild (1945), p. 620.
  69. ↑ "BOXER REBELLION // CHINA 1900". HISTORIK ORDERS, LTD WEBSITE. Archived from the original on Feb 12, 2005. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  70. ↑ Diana Preston (1999). The Boxer Rebellion: The Dramatic Story of China's War on Foreigners That Shook the World in the Summer of 1900. pp. 138–140. ISBN 0-8027-1361-0.

External links

Foreign language vocabularies

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