C. P. Ramaswami Iyer

Sachivottama
Sir Chetpat Pattabhirama Ramaswami Iyer
KCSI KCIE

Portrait of Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer, 1940
Diwan of Travancore
In office
8 October 1936 – 19 August 1947
Monarch Sri Chithira Thirunal of Travancore
Preceded by Muhammad Habibullah
Succeeded by P. G. N. Unnithan
Member of the Executive Council of the Viceroy of India
In office
1931–1936
Monarch George V of the United Kingdom,
Edward VIII of the United Kingdom
Governor-General Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon
Law Member of the Executive Council of the Governor of Madras
In office
1923 – 10 March 1928
Premier Raja of Panagal,
P. Subbarayan
Governor Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon,
Sir Charles George Todhunter (acting),
George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen
Succeeded by T. R. Venkatarama Sastri
Advocate-General of Madras Presidency
In office
1920–1923
Governor Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon
Preceded by S. Srinivasa Iyengar
Succeeded by C. Madhavan Nair
Personal details
Born 12 November 1879
Wandiwash, British India
Died 26 September 1966(1966-09-26) (aged 86)
London, United Kingdom
Nationality British Indian
Political party Indian National Congress
Spouse(s) Seethamma
Children C. R. Pattabhiraman,
C. R. Venkata Subban,
C. R. Sundaram
Residence The Grove, Madras
Alma mater Presidency College, Madras
Occupation lawyer,
Profession Attorney-General, Statesman
Religion Hinduism
Signature

Sachivottama Sir Chetpat Pattabhirama Ramaswami Iyer, KCSI, KCIE (12 November 1879 – 26 September 1966), also called "C. P.", was an Indian lawyer, administrator and politician who served as the Advocate-General of Madras Presidency from 1920 to 1923, Law member of the Executive council of the Governor of Madras from 1923 to 1928, Law member of the Executive Council of the Viceroy of India from 1931 to 1936 and the Diwan of Travancore from 1936 to 1947. Ramaswami Iyer was born in 1879 in Madras city and studied at Wesley College High School and Presidency College, Madras before qualifying as a lawyer from the Madras Law College. He practised as a lawyer in Madras and succeeded S. Srinivasa Iyengar as the Advocate-General of the Madras Presidency. He subsequently served as the Law member of the Governor of Madras and the Viceroy of India before being appointed Diwan of Travancore in 1936.

Ramaswami Iyer served as Diwan from 1936 to 1947; during his tenure, many social and administrative reforms were made. However, at the same time, he is also remembered for the ruthless suppression of the communist-organised Punnapra-Vayalar revolt, and his controversial stand in favour of an independent Travancore. He resigned in 1947 following a failed assassination attempt. He served as a leader of the Indian National Congress in his early days. He was made a Knight Commander of the Indian Empire in 1926 and a Knight Commander of the Star of India in 1941. He returned these titles when India attained independence in 1947. He was also a member of the 1926 and 1927 delegations to the League of Nations. In his later life he served in numerous international organisations and on the board of several Indian universities. Ramaswami Iyer died in 1966 at the age of 86 while on a visit to the United Kingdom.

Ancestry and origins

The ancestors of C. P. Ramaswami Iyer were Vadadesa Vadama Brahmins whose seat was the town of Chetpet in the North Arcot of Tamil Nadu.[1][2] The family traces their lineage to Dikshitars whom they believed, were Deshastha Brahmins who migrated from Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh to the town of Chittoor in Andhra Pradesh from where they migrated to the northern part of Tamil Nadu in the 16th century AD.[2] As a reward for their piety and scholarship, the migrants were granted the villages of Chetpet, Adayapalayam and Morakkaniyur by a local chieftain.[2] Ramaswami Iyer's family originated from the group which inherited the village of Chetpet.[2] C. P. was also related to Achan Dikshitar, brother of the famous Advaitist savant Appayya Dikshitar.[3] C. P.'s grandfather, Chetpat Ramaswami Iyer served the British East India Company as Tehsildar of Kumbakonam.[4]

Early life and education

Chetpet Pattabhirama Ramaswami Iyer was born on Deepavali day, 13 November 1879 to C. R. Pattabhirama Iyer, a prominent judge, (1857–1903) and his wife Seethalakshmi Ammal, also called Rangammal in the town of Wandiwash, North Arcot.[5] C. P. had his schooling at the Wesley College High School in Madras.[6] He had an extremely strict upbringing as a result of a prediction that the child would not pass a single exam in his life.[6] On completion of his schooling, C. P. enrolled at the Presidency College, Madras.[7] In college, C. P. won prizes in English, Sanskrit and Mathematics and the Elphinstone Prize for his paper on the Nebular theory.[8] C. P. passed his degree with a gold medal and graduated with distinction from the Madras Law College.[8]

C. P. had always desired to become an English professor. However, his father, Pattabhirama Iyer wished that his son become a lawyer and accordingly, C. P. chose a career in law.[9] C. P. spent his college vacations in the Mysore kingdom with the Diwan, Sir K. Seshadri Iyer whom he always claimed as his inspiration.[8][9]

As a lawyer

In 1903, C. P. joined V. Krishnaswamy Iyer as an apprentice.[10][11] Just before the death of Pattabhirama Iyer the same year, he arranged for C. P.'s admission as a junior to Sir V. Bhashyam Aiyangar[12] but the latter was not able to accommodate him.[13] As a result, C. P. practised on his own and made a reputation as a lawyer.[13] He fought and won over 300 cases[13] and was offered a judgeship of the Madras High Court which he, however, turned down.[14] In 1920, he was appointed Advocate-General of Madras by the then Governor, Lord Willingdon.[11][14] During his tenure as a lawyer, C.P. handled a number of prominent cases as the Ashe murder trial[13] and the Besant Narayaniah case.[15]

Indian Independence Movement

In his early days, C. P. was an admirer of Gopal Krishna Gokhale and desired to join the Servants of India society in Poona.[9] In 1912, he fought on behalf of Jiddu Narayaniah against Annie Besant for the custody of his sons J. Krishnamurti and Nityananda in the famous Besant Narayaniah trial and won.[11][15][16] Besant, however, later got the verdict annulled by appealing to the Privy Council in England.[16] However, as a result of this case, C. P. developed an admiration for Annie Besant[16] and collaborated with her in organising the Home Rule League and served as its vice-president.[11][17] In 1917, he became the Secretary of the Indian National Congress.[11][17] C. P. also edited Annie Besant's newspaper New India during her incarceration.[11][17] at the same time, campaigning vigorously for her release.[11] C. P., later, distanced himself from the Indian Independence after disagreeing with Mahatma Gandhi over the Swadeshi and Non-Cooperation movements.[18]

As a member of the Executive Council of the Governor of Madras

A sketch of Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer in a London newspaper during the Third Round Table Conference

In 1920, C. P. was nominated as the Advocate-General of Madras Presidency. He was responsible for the introduction of the City Municipalities Act and the Madras Local Boards Act. In 1923, he was nominated to the executive council of the Governor of Madras and was charged with the portfolios of law and order, police, Public Works Department, irrigation, ports and electricity.[19]

As a member of the executive council, C. P. laid the foundation of the Pykara Dam which was constructed between 1929 and 1932 at a cost of Rs. 67.5 million.[20] He also started the construction of Mettur Dam over the Cauvery river.[20] While the Pykara Hydro-electric project triggered the rapid industrialization of Coimbatore,[21] the Mettur project was used to irrigate vast areas of Tanjore and Trichy districts.[22] As the member in charge of ports, C. P. was also responsible for the improvement of Cochin, Visakhapatnam and Tuticorin ports.[21]

As law member, C. P. was also instrumental in passing the Devadasi Abolition Bill proposed by Muthulakshmi Reddy.[23] However, owing to strong protests from devadasis across Madras Presidency, C. P. suggested that the bill be introduced only as a private bill and not a government measure.[23]

Between 1926 and 1927 he was the Indian Delegate at the League of Nations in Geneva.[24] By 1931 he was a Law Member of the Government of India[25] and in 1932 attended the Third Round Table Conference at London.[24] In 1933 he was the sole Indian delegate to the World Economic Conference and the next year he drafted a constitution for the state of Kashmir.

Dewan of Travancore

Bhaktivilas, the residence of Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer while serving as the Diwan of Travancore

In 1931, when Chithira Thirunal was barred from succeeding his deceased uncle as the Maharaja of Travancore, C. P. spoke on his behalf to the Viceroy of India.[26] The Viceroy agreed to crown Chithira Thirunal but only on the condition that C. P. should function as adviser to the young monarch.[27] C. P. agreed and served as Legal and Constitutional adviser to the prince from 1931 to 1936.[27] In 1936, Maharajah Chithira Thirunal personally requested C. P. to be the Diwan of Travancore. C. P. accepted the offer and served as Diwan for a period of ten years.[28]

Temple Entry Proclamation

On 12 November 1936, Maharajah Chithira Thirunal issued the revolutionary Temple Entry Proclamation which gave Hindus of all castes and classes, including Dalits or untouchables, the right to enter Hindu temples in the state.[29] This was bitterly opposed by conservative, yet influential upper-caste Hindus who posed a grave-threat to the life of the Diwan.[30] This proclamation earned for the Maharajah and his Diwan the praise of Mahatma Gandhi and other social reformers.[30]

Economic and industrial reforms

During C. P.'s tenure as Diwan, Travancore made rapid strides in industrial development. The Indian Aluminium Company was invited to set up a factory in the town of Aluva.[31] The first fertiliser plant in India, the Fertilizers and Chemicals of Travancore Ltd. (FACT) was established by C. P. to manufacture ammonium sulphate.[31][32] This was established with American collaboration in open defiance to the hostility of the Viceroy of India.[32] C.P. also established a plant to manufacture cement and another to manufacture titanium dioxide.The Travancore plywood factory at Punalur[33] The Travancore Rayons Limited was established in 1946 with a plant at Perumbavoor.[33] The first plant to manufacture aluminium cables was opened at Kundara.[33] By the time, C. P. stepped down as Diwan in 1947, the revenues of the state had increased fourfold from the time he had assumed charge.

Irrigation works

C. P. wished to establish a hydro-electric power project on the Periyar river.[31] However, his efforts were opposed by the Government of Madras.[31] C. P. argued as a lawyer on behalf of Travancore and won.[31] As a result, the Pallivasal hydro-electric power project was established on the Periyar river.[31] He initiated the Pechipara Hydro-electric Scheme (present Kodayar Hydroelectric Power Project in Kanyakumari District), the Periyar Game Sanctuary and other irrigation projects.

Other reforms

C. P. carried out a great deal of pioneering work for the Vivekananda Rock at Cape Comorin and built guest-houses at Kanyakumari. He renovated the Padmanabhapuram Palace of Marthanda Varma's days (in present-day Kanyakumari District) and expanded the Trivandrum Art Gallery. In 1937, C. P. started the University of Travancore with the Maharajah as Chancellor and himself as Vice Chancellor. In 1939 he was awarded an honorary L.L.D. Degree by the University of Travancore In 1940 under his Dewanship Travancore became the first state to nationalise road transport in India. The first cement highway in India was constructed between the capital Trivandrum and Kanniyakumari covering a distance of 88 kilometres. The same year capital punishment was abolished and adult franchise introduced. He was also the first to appoint a lady as District Judge (Mrs. Anna Chandy later became the first Indian woman High Court Judge). Iyer introduced for the first time the midday meal scheme to prompt poor children to attend school.

In 1941 the British conferred on him the title of Knight Commander of the Star of India (KCSI). When Indian Independence came into view Travancore and other Princely States were given two options of either staying independent or merging with the dominions of India or Pakistan.

Punnapra-Vayalar revolt

A mass uprising broke out in the Allepey region in October 1946.On 24 October Travancore police killed near about 200 people in Punnapra and the Govt. ordered martial law in Alleppy and Cherthala. CP's police and army moved to Alleppy and on 27 October, Vaylar witnessed another mass uprising and 150 people were killed on the spot.On the same day 130 people were killed in different locations of Alleppy by police shoot out.According to prof. A Shreedharamenon's 'Kerala History' Near about 1000 people died in Punnappara Vyalar Agitation. Even though the agitation was a short-time failure, it caused a responsible rule in Travancore.

Declaration of independence

When, on 3 June 1947, United Kingdom accepted demands for a partition and announced its intention to quit India within a short period, the Maharaja of Travancore desired to declare himself independent.[34][35][36] Supported by the Diwan, C. P., Chithira Thirunal issued a declaration of independence on 18 June 1947.[34][35][36] As Travancore's declaration of independence was unacceptable to India, negotiations were started with the Diwan by the Government of India.[37] Family sources indicate that C. P., himself, was not in favour of independence but only greater autonomy and that a favourable agreement had been reached between C. P. and the Indian representatives by 23 July 1947 and accession to the Indian Union could not be carried out only because it was pending approval by the Raja.[38][39][40] Nevertheless, an assassination attempt was made on C. P. on 25 July 1947 during a concert commemorating the anniversary of Swati Thirunal.[35][36] C. P. survived with multiple stab wounds and hastened the accession of Travancore state to the Indian Union soon after his recovery.[35][36]

Later years

After he resigned his Dewanship of Travancore, C. P. left for London. In the same year, he visited Brazil on the invitation of the Government of Brazil and Argentina, Peru and Mexico as a tourist.[41] He also visited the United States of America where he gave talks at the University of California, Berkeley, and had discussions with important bank executives, journalists and US President Harry S. Truman.[41] In 1949–50, he visited the United States again as a Visiting Professor of the American Academy of Asian Studies at California.[41] In 1952, he toured Australia and New Zealand as a guest of the respective governments and visited the United States again in 1953 on a lecture tour.[42] From 1 July 1954 to 2 July 1956, he served as the Vice Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University. From 26 January 1955, C. P. also served as a Vice Chancellor of Annamalai University, thereby becoming the first Indian to function as Vice Chancellor of two universities at the same time.[43] In 1953, C.P. was appointed member of the Press Commission of India.[44] Two years later, C. P. toured China as the leader of an Indian universities delegation.[44] C. P. served as a member of the University Grants Commission (1955),[45] the Punjab Commission (1961),[46] the National Integration Committee on Regionalism,[45] the Chairman of the Hindu Religious Endowments Commission from 1960 to 1962[46] and President of the Inter-University board of India and Ceylon (1965).[45]

Death

In September 1966, C. P. left for England to conduct research on a planned book titled "A History of My Times" at the India Office library.[47] At about 11:30 am, on 26 September 1966, he suddenly slumped on his armchair while speaking to a reporter and died instantly.[48][49] The following day, The Times carried the news of his death:

Sir C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar, jurist, scholar, statesman and wit, who died suddenly in London yesterday, was one of the outstanding Indians of his day[50]

Condolences were also offered by C. Rajagopalachari,[50] Zakir Hussain, the then President of India,[50] The Hindu,[50] The Times of India,[50] Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi[51] and K. Kamaraj.[52]

Legacy

C. P. was acknowledged for his talent as a lawyer, administrator and visionary.[11] Edwin Samuel Montagu, who served as the Secretary of State for India from 1917 to 1922, described him as "one of the cleverest men in India". He is credited with having transformed Kanyakumari district into the rice-bowl of Travancore and is acclaimed for being the first person to envisage the industrialization of Madras Presidency. He is also regarded as an egalitarian[11] and the first caste Hindu lawyer to admit a Dalit, N. Sivaraj as his junior.[53] Under his leadership, Travancore became the first princely state to abolish capital punishment, first to introduce free and compulsory education and the first princely state to be connected to the rest of India by air.[54] M. G. Ramachandran, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu recollected at C. P.'s birth centenary celebrations in 1979 that C. P. was the first to introduce the midday meal scheme in the form of the Vanchi Poor Fund in Travancore.[54][55] C. N. Annadurai remarked at a speech in 1967 that C. P. was the first person in India to suggest a plan for interlinking the nation's rivers.[56][57] However, his greatest achievement is believed to be the Temple Entry Proclamation which for the first time, permitted Dalits to enter Hindu temples which he introduced despite a severe threat to his life.

C. P. was also well known for his philanthropic activities and the institutions he helped establish.[11] After his death, The C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation was established in his memory in order to promote traditional arts and crafts.[58] While serving as a law member of the executive council of the Governor of Madras, Ramaswami Iyer's agenda for social reform and opening the doors of Hindu temples for Dalits and low-caste Hindus were praised by C. Natesa Mudaliar, one of the founders of the South Indian Liberation Federation.[59] C. P. was a patron of arts and music and was member of experts commettee consisting of some of the leading musicians and scholars to advise the [Madras Music Academy], In April 1928. Dr. U. Rama Rao, was the founder-president

C. P. was a friend of the English writer Somerset Maugham who had a prolonged discussion with while on a visit to Trivandrum.[60] Later, Maugham supplied a eulogy for the book "C. P. by his contemporaries".

He had the geniality of the politician who for years has gone out of his way to be cordial with everyone he meets. He talked very good English, fluently, with a copious choice of words, and he put what he had to say plainly, and with logical sequence. He had a resonant voice and an easy manner. He did not agree with a good deal that I said and corrected me with decision, but with courtesy that took it for granted I was too intelligent to be affronted by contradiction[60]

Indian civil servant C. S. Venkatachar wrote that the Kashmir issue might have been resolved in favour of India had Jawaharlal Nehru chosen C. P. instead of Gopalaswami Ayyangar to present India's case at the United Nations.[61] The same view was also shared by Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar.[62] While chairing the Indian Committee on National Integration, C. P. introduced the clause making it mandatory that newly elected member of Parliament and state assemblies should take an allegiance to the Indian Union.[63] It is believed that the introduction of this clause compelled the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam to give up its goal of secession from the Indian Union.[63]

C. P. was an active freemason and served as a member of the Carnatic Lodge.[64]

Criticism

While being hailed as a modernising reformer by many, C. P. is also criticised as a capitalist, authoritarian, imperialist, anti-Christian and anti-Communist by some.[40][61] C. P. has been sharply criticized for failing to rescue the deteriorating Travancore National and Quilon Bank[40] and for cracking down on the bank and its managing director, C. P. Mathen. It is believed that C.P., allegedly an anti-Christian framed the downfall of Quilon Bank, using his influence.[65] In 1946, Communist dissent over C. P.'s policies erupted in the form of the Punnapra-Vayalar revolt which was crushed with a brutal hand by Travancore army and navy.[40][66] Communist hatred over C. P.'s policies finally culminated in an assassination attempt upon the Diwan.[36][40] However, despite deep antagonism between C. P. and Communists, he opposed the dismissal of the Communist government of Kerala headed by E. M. S. Namboodiripad in 1959 by the Jawaharlal Nehru government as "unconstitutional".[67] C. P. was also labelled as a "secessionist" due to his initial reluctance in merging Travancore with the Indian Union.[36][61] Jawaharlal Nehru said of his attitude towards imperialism:

There is little now in common between us except our common nationality. He is today a full-blooded apologist of British rule in India, especially during the last few years; an admirer of dictatorship in India and elsewhere, and himself a shining ornament of autocracy in an Indian state.[40]

His attempt to negotiate a trade agreement with Pakistan on behalf of Travancore was viewed as a betrayal by most Indians.[61]

Family

In 1895, at the age of 16, C. P. was married to nine-year-old Seethamma (1886–1930), granddaughter of Indian polyglot and judge C. V. Runganada Sastri.[68] She died in March 1930[69][70] leaving behind three sons, C. R. Pattabhiraman, C. R. Venkata Subban and C. R. Sundaram.[71] Pattabhiraman participated in the Indian Independence Movement and was active in the Indian National Congress even after C. P.'s resignation from the party.[71] He was elected to the Lok Sabha from Kumbakonam in 1957 and 1962[71] and served as Deputy Minister and later, Minister of Industries from 1966 to 1967.[72] Pattabhiraman was also one of the founders of the Madras Cricket Club along with P. Subbarayan.[72] C.P.'s nephew would later go on to marry the niece and heiress to V.K. Krishna Menon.

In popular culture

Works

Notes

  1. ↑ Saroja Sundararajan (2002). Sir C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar, a Biography. Allied Publishers. ISBN 978-81-7764-326-8. pg. 7
  2. 1 2 3 4 Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 7
  3. ↑ Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 8
  4. ↑ Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 9
  5. ↑ Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 6
  6. 1 2 Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 26
  7. ↑ Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 28
  8. 1 2 3 Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 29
  9. 1 2 3 Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 35
  10. ↑ Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 37
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Some Madras Leaders
  12. ↑ Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 38
  13. 1 2 3 4 Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 39
  14. 1 2 Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 40
  15. 1 2 Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 48
  16. 1 2 3 Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 49
  17. 1 2 3 Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 51
  18. ↑ Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 54
  19. ↑ Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 60
  20. 1 2 Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 63
  21. 1 2 Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 65
  22. ↑ Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 64
  23. 1 2 Vadivelu Rajalakshmi (1985). The political behaviour of women in Tamil Nadu. Inter-India Publications.
  24. 1 2 Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 66
  25. ↑ Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 69
  26. ↑ Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 83
  27. 1 2 Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 84
  28. ↑ Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 85
  29. ↑ Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 77
  30. 1 2 Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 80
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 94
  32. 1 2 Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 97–99
  33. 1 2 3 Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 95
  34. 1 2 Dominique Lapierre, Pg 260
  35. 1 2 3 4 Dominique Lapierre, Pg 261
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 A. G. Noorani (2003). "C.P. and independent Travancore". Frontline 20 (13).
  37. ↑ Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 111
  38. ↑ Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 112
  39. ↑ Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 113
  40. 1 2 3 4 5 6 K. N. Panikker (20 April 2003). "In the Name of Biography". The Hindu.
  41. 1 2 3 Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 137
  42. ↑ Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 138
  43. ↑ Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 139
  44. 1 2 Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 143
  45. 1 2 3 Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 145
  46. 1 2 Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 144
  47. ↑ Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 147
  48. ↑ Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 3
  49. ↑ Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 4
  50. 1 2 3 4 5 Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 207
  51. ↑ Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 208
  52. ↑ Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 210
  53. ↑ Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 74
  54. 1 2 Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 90
  55. ↑ Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 91
  56. ↑ Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 67
  57. ↑ The Europa International Foundation Directory 2006. Taylor and Francis. 2006. p. 210. ISBN 978-1-85743-388-3.
  58. ↑ South Indian Celebrities, Pg 51
  59. 1 2 Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 163
  60. 1 2 3 4 Ramachandra Guha (25 May 2008). "The strange case of Sir. C. P. Ramaswamy Iyer". The Hindu.
  61. ↑ Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 46
  62. 1 2 V. K. Raghavan (17 April 2009). "Getting the best out of regionalism". The Hindu:Business Line.
  63. ↑ S. Muthiah (19 September 2010). "Madras Miscellany – Whither this National Library?". The Hindu.
  64. ↑ "C. P. Mathen papers gifted to Kerala Council for Historical Research". The Hindu. 7 October 2009.
  65. ↑ "History of CPI". Communist Party of India.
  66. ↑ Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 44
  67. ↑ Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 173
  68. ↑ Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 178
  69. ↑ Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 179
  70. 1 2 3 Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 181
  71. 1 2 Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 182
  72. ↑ "An actor's actor". The Hindu. 27 May 2010.

References

Further reading

Preceded by
S. Srinivasa Iyengar		 Advocate-General of Madras Presidency
1920–1923 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
 Law Member of the Executive Council of the Governor of Madras
1923–1928 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
 Law Member of the Executive Council of the Viceroy of India
1931–1936 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Muhammad Habibullah		 Diwan of Travancore
1936–1947 		Succeeded by
P.G.N. Unnithan

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to C. P. Ramaswami Iyer.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Sunday, May 01, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.