CCIR System B

CCIR System B was the 625-line analog broadcast television system which at its peak was the system used in the most countries. Currently (as of 2012) it is being replaced across Western Europe, Asia and Africa by digital broadcasting.

Specifications

Some of the important specs are listed below.^[1]

System B specifications
Frame rate	Interlace	Field rate	Line/frame	Line rate	Visual b/w	Vision mod.	Preemphasis	Sound mod.	Sound offset	Channel b/w
25	2/1	50^[2]	625	15625^[3]	5 MHz.	AC3 neg.	50 μs	F3	5.5 MHz.	7 MHz.

A frame is the total picture. The frame rate is the number of pictures displayed in one second. But each frame is actually scanned twice interleaving odd and even lines. Each scan is known as a field (odd and even fields.) So field rate is twice the frame rate. In each frame there are 625 lines (or 312.5 lines in a field.) So line rate (line frequency) is 625 times the frame frequency or 625•25=15625 Hz.

The video bandwidth is 5.0 MHz. The video signal modulates the carrier by Amplitude Modulation. But a portion of the lower side band is suppressed. This technique is known as vestigial side band modulation (AC3). The polarity of modulation is negative, meaning that an increase in the instantaneous brightness of the video signal results in a decrease in RF power and vice versa. Specifically, the sync pulses (being "blacker than black") result in maximum power from the transmitter.

The primary audio signal is modulated by Frequency modulation with a preemphasis time constant of τ = 50 μs. The deviation for a 1.0 kHz. AF signal is 50 kHz.

The separation between the primary audio FM subcarrier and the video carrier is 5.5 MHz.

The total RF bandwidth of System B (as originally designed with its single FM audio subcarrier) was 6.5 MHz, allowing System B to be transmitted in the 7.0 MHz wide channels specified for television in the VHF bands with an ample 500 kHz guard zone between channels.^[4]

In specs, sometimes, other parameters such as vestigial sideband characteristics and gamma of display device are also given.

Colour TV

System B has variously been used with both the PAL or SECAM colour systems. It could have been used with a 625-line variant of the NTSC color system, but apart from possible technical tests in the 1950s, this has never been done officially.

When used with PAL, the colour subcarrier is 4.43361875 MHz and the sidebands of the PAL signal have to be truncated on the high-frequency side at +570 kHz (matching the rolloff of the luminance signal at +5.0 MHz). On the low-frequency side, the full 1.3 MHz sideband is radiated. ( This behaviour would cause massive U/V crosstalk in the NTSC system, but delay-line PAL hides such artefacts. )

When used with SECAM, the 'R' lines' carrier is at 4.40625 MHz deviating from +350±18 kHz to -506±25 kHz. The 'B' lines' carrier is at 4.250 MHz deviating +506±25 kHz to -350±18 kHz.

Neither colour encoding system has any effect on the bandwidth of system B as a whole.

Improved Audio

Enhancements have been made to the specification of System B's audio capabilities over the years. The introduction of Zweiton in the 1970s allowed for stereo sound or twin monophonic audio tracks (possibly in different languages for instance). This was implemented by adding a second FM audio subcarrier at +5.74 MHz. Alternatively, starting in the late 1980s and early 1990s it became possible to replace the second audio FM subcarrier with a digital signal carrying NICAM sound. Either of these extensions to audio capability have eaten into the guard band between channels. Zweiton uses an extra 150 kHz. The alternative NICAM system uses an extra 500 kHz, and needs to be spaced further from the primary audio subcarrier, thus System B with NICAM has only 150 kHz guard zones between channels.

Transmission Channels

System B was the first internationally accepted 625-line broadcasting standard in the world. The European 41-68 MHz Band I television allocation was agreed at the 1947 ITU (International Telecommunications Union) conference in 1947, and the first European channel plan (i.e. the use of channels E2 - E4) was agreed in 1952 at the ITU conference in Stockholm. The extension to VHF Band III (i.e Channels E5 - E12) was also agreed in the 1950s.

Since then, the System B specification has been used with slightly different broadcast frequencies in many other countries.

Western Europe (except the UK and France) plus East Germany from the 1960s

Channel	Channel Limits (MHz)	Vision Carrier Frequency (MHz)	Main Audio Carrier Frequency (MHz)
E1 †	40.00 - 47.00	41.25	46.75
E1A †	41.00 - 48.00	42.25	47.75
E2 §	47.00 - 54.00	48.25	53.75
E2A §	48.25 - 55.50	49.75	55.25
E3	54.00 - 61.00	55.25	60.75
E4	61.00 - 68.00	62.25	67.75
E4A	81.00 - 88.00	82.25	87.75

† Channel 1 was allocated, but never used.
§ Not used in the former East Germany

Channel	Channel Limits (MHz)	Vision Carrier Frequency (MHz)	Main Audio Carrier Frequency (MHz)
E5	174.00 - 181.00	175.25	180.75
E6	181.00 - 188.00	182.25	187.75
E7	188.00 - 195.00	189.25	194.75
E8	195.00 - 202.00	196.25	201.75
E9	202.00 - 209.00	203.25	208.75
E10	209.00 - 216.00	210.25	215.75
E11	216.00 - 223.00	217.25	222.75
E12	223.00 - 230.00	224.25	229.75

Channel	Channel Limits (MHz)	Vision Carrier Frequency (MHz)	Main Audio Carrier Frequency (MHz)
1	58.00 - 65.00	59.25	64.75

Channel	Channel Limits (MHz)	Vision Carrier Frequency (MHz)	Main Audio Carrier Frequency (MHz)
2	144.00 - 151.00	145.25	150.75
3	154.00 - 161.00	155.25	160.75
E5	174.00 - 181.00	175.25	180.75
E6	181.00 - 188.00	182.25	187.75
E8	195.00 - 202.00	196.25	201.75
E11	216.00 - 223.00	217.25	222.75

Transmitters were operational on the above channels in 1959. During the 1960s channels 1 to 3 were deleted and channels E3 to E12 adopted, bringing East Germany into line with the channel allocations used in the West.

Italy

Italian channel-spacings were erratic. System B is no longer in use in Italy, the switchover to DVB-T having been completed 4 July 2012.

Channel	Channel Limits (MHz)	Vision Carrier Frequency (MHz)	Main Audio Carrier Frequency (MHz)
IA	52.50 - 59.50	53.75	59.25
IB	61.00 - 68.00	62.25	67.75
IC ♣	81.00 - 88.00	82.25	87.75

♣ Same as E4A

Note: Band I is no longer used for television in Italy.

Channel	Channel Limits (MHz)	Vision Carrier Frequency (MHz)	Main Audio Carrier Frequency (MHz)
ID ¤	174.00 - 181.00	175.25	180.75
IE	182.50 - 189.50	183.75	189.25
IF	191.00 - 198.00	192.25	197.75
IG	200.00 - 207.00	201.25	206.75
IH §	209.00 - 216.00	210.25	215.75
IH1 ♥	216.00 - 223.00	217.25	222.75

¤ Same as E5
§ Same as E10
♥ Same as E11

Note: Unusually for Europe, Band III is used for DVB-T in Italy. At digital switchover time, Italy took the opportunity to discontinue their erratic System B frequencies, and the digital channels (known as Ch5 through Ch12) are regularly-spaced every 7.0 MHz from 177.5 MHz (and identical to Germany's Band III DVB-T bandplan).

Australia VHF (until 1993)

Australia were unique in the world by their use of Band II for television broadcasting.

Channel	Channel Limits (MHz)	Vision Carrier Frequency (MHz)	Main Audio Carrier Frequency (MHz)
D0	45.00 - 52.00	46.25	51.75
D1	56.00 - 63.00	57.25	62.75
D2	63.00 - 70.00	64.25	69.75

Channel	Channel Limits (MHz)	Vision Carrier Frequency (MHz)	Main Audio Carrier Frequency (MHz)
D3	85.00 - 92.00	86.25	91.75
D4	94.00 - 101.00	95.25	100.75
D5	101.00 - 108.00	102.25	107.75
D5A	137.00 - 144.00	138.25	143.75

Channel	Channel Limits (MHz)	Vision Carrier Frequency (MHz)	Main Audio Carrier Frequency (MHz)
D6	174.00 - 181.00	175.25	180.75
D7	181.00 - 188.00	182.25	194.75
D8	188.00 - 195.00	189.25	194.75
D9	195.00 - 202.00	196.25	201.75
D10	208.00 - 215.00	209.25	214.75
D11	215.00 - 222.00	216.25	221.75

Australia VHF (after 1993)

Channel	Channel Limits (MHz)	Vision Carrier Frequency (MHz)	Main Audio Carrier Frequency (MHz)
D0	45.00 - 52.00	46.25	51.75
D1	56.00 - 63.00	57.25	62.75
D2	63.00 - 70.00	64.25	69.75

Channel	Channel Limits (MHz)	Vision Carrier Frequency (MHz)	Main Audio Carrier Frequency (MHz)
D3 ‡	85.00 - 92.00	86.25	91.75
D4 ‡	94.00 - 101.00	95.25	100.75
D5 ‡	101.00 - 108.00	102.25	107.75
D5A	137.00 - 144.00	138.25	143.75

‡ Channels 3, 4 and 5 were to due be cleared during 1993-96 to make way for FM radio stations in Band II. In the event the clearance took rather longer than that, and many stations on channel 3 still remain, along with a couple on 4 and 5.

Channel	Channel Limits (MHz)	Vision Carrier Frequency (MHz)	Main Audio Carrier Frequency (MHz)
D6	174.00 - 181.00	175.25	180.75
D7	181.00 - 188.00	182.25	194.75
D8	188.00 - 195.00	189.25	194.75
D9	195.00 - 202.00	196.25	201.75
D9A ♦	202.00 - 209.00	203.25	208.75
D10 ‡	209.00 - 216.00	210.25	215.75
D11 ‡	216.00 - 223.00	217.25	222.75
D12 ♦	223.00 - 230.00	224.25	229.75

♦ New channel allocations from 1993.
‡ Channels 10 and 11 were shifted up in frequency by 1 MHz to make room for channel 9A. The frequencies of existing stations did not change; only new ones used the new allocations. Digital multiplexes on channels 10 and 11 are using the new channel boundaries.

Australia UHF

Australia are nearly unique in the world for their use of 7 MHz channel-spacing (and therefore System B) on UHF.

Channel	Channel Limits (MHz)	Vision Carrier Frequency (MHz)	Main Audio Carrier Frequency (MHz)
D28	526.00 - 533.00	527.25	532.75
D29	533.00 - 540.00	534.25	539.75
D30	540.00 - 547.00	541.25	546.75
D31	547.00 - 554.00	548.25	553.75
D32	554.00 - 561.00	555.25	560.75
D33	561.00 - 568.00	562.25	567.75
D34	568.00 - 575.00	569.25	574.75
D35	575.00 - 582.00	576.25	581.75
D36	582.00 - 589.00	583.25	588.75
D37	589.00 - 596.00	590.25	595.75
D38	596.00 - 603.00	597.25	602.75
D39	603.00 - 610.00	604.25	609.75
D40	610.00 - 617.00	611.25	616.75
D41	617.00 - 624.00	618.25	623.75
D42	624.00 - 631.00	625.25	630.75
D43	631.00 - 638.00	632.25	637.75
D44	638.00 - 645.00	639.25	644.75
D45	645.00 - 652.00	646.25	651.75
D46	652.00 - 659.00	653.25	658.75
D47	659.00 - 666.00	660.25	665.75
D48	666.00 - 673.00	667.25	672.75
D49	673.00 - 680.00	674.25	679.75
D50	680.00 - 687.00	681.25	686.75
D51	687.00 - 694.00	688.25	693.75
D52	694.00 - 701.00	695.25	700.75
D53	701.00 - 708.00	702.25	707.75
D54	708.00 - 715.00	709.25	714.75
D55	715.00 - 722.00	716.25	721.75
D56	722.00 - 729.00	723.25	728.75
D57	729.00 - 736.00	730.25	735.75
D58	736.00 - 743.00	737.25	742.75
D59	743.00 - 750.00	744.25	749.75
D60	750.00 - 757.00	751.25	756.75
D61	757.00 - 764.00	758.25	763.75
D62	764.00 - 771.00	765.25	770.75
D63	771.00 - 778.00	772.25	777.75
D64	778.00 - 785.00	779.25	784.75
D65	785.00 - 792.00	786.25	791.75
D66	792.00 - 799.00	793.25	798.75
D67	799.00 - 806.00	800.25	805.75
D68	806.00 - 813.00	807.25	812.75
D69	813.00 - 820.00	814.25	819.75

New Zealand

Channel	Channel Limits (MHz)	Vision Carrier Frequency (MHz)	Main Audio Carrier Frequency (MHz)
G1	44.00 - 51.00	45.25	50.75
G2	54.00 - 61.00	55.25	60.75
G3	61.00 - 68.00	62.25	67.75

Channel	Channel Limits (MHz)	Vision Carrier Frequency (MHz)	Main Audio Carrier Frequency (MHz)
G4	174.00 - 181.00	175.25	180.75
G5	181.00 - 188.00	182.25	187.75
G6	188.00 - 195.00	189.25	194.75
G7	195.00 - 202.00	196.25	201.75
G8	202.00 - 209.00	203.25	208.75
G9	209.00 - 216.00	210.25	215.75
G10 †	216.00 - 223.00	217.25	222.75
G11 ‡	223.00 - 230.00	224.25	229.75

† Added in the 1980s
‡ Added in the 1990s
Note: the Band III frequencies are the same as Australia's.

Morocco

Channel	Channel Limits (MHz)	Vision Carrier Frequency (MHz)	Main Audio Carrier Frequency (MHz)
M4	162.00 - 169.00	163.25	168.75
M5	170.00 - 177.00	171.25	176.75
M6	178.00 - 185.00	179.25	184.75
M7	186.00 - 193.00	187.25	192.75
M8	194.00 - 201.00	195.25	200.75
M9	202.00 - 209.00	203.25	208.75
M10	210.00 - 217.00	211.25	216.75

System G and H

When the UHF bands came into use in the early 1960s, two variants of System B began to be used on those frequencies.

In most countries, the channels on the UHF bands are 8 MHz wide, but in most system B countries transmissions on the UHF channels still use system B specifications, the only difference being that the guard band between the channels is 1.0 MHz wider than for System B. That system for the UHF bands is known as System G and all RF specifications given above (apart from the guard band width) also apply to system G. Exceptions to this would seem to be Australia, Brunei and Tanzania where the UHF channels are 7 MHz wide, and system B is used on UHF just as it is on VHF.

A few countries (Belgium, several of the Balkan states and Malta) use another variant of system B on UHF which is known as System H. System H is similar to system G but the lower (vestigial) side band is 500 kHz wider. This makes much better use of the 8.0 MHz channels of the UHF bands (though whether any system B/H televisions actually made use of the extra bandwidth is not known).

Notes and references

↑ Reference Data for Radio Engineers, ITT Howard W.Sams Co., New York, 1977, section 30
↑ Not an independent value: 25•2=50
↑ Not an independent value: 25•625=15625
↑ Nedim Ardoğa:TV Verici tekniğine giriş p.34

External links

Broadcast video formats

Television

Analog

525 lines	NTSC System M NTSC-J PAL-M System M

625 lines	PAL System B System D System G System H System I System K PAL-N PALplus SECAM System B System D System G System K System L

Audio	BTSC (MTS) EIAJ NICAM SAP Sound-in-Syncs Zweikanalton (A2/IGR)

Hidden signals	Captioning CGMS-A EPG GCR PDC Teletext VBI VEIL VIT VITC WSS XDS

Historical	Pre-1940 Mechanical television 180-line 405-line System A 441-line 819-line MAC MUSE

Digital

Interlaced	SDTV 480i 576i HDTV 1080i

Progressive	LDTV 1seg 240p 288p EDTV 480p 576p HDTV 720p 1080p UHDTV 2160p 4320p

MPEG-2 standards	ATSC DVB ISDB DTMB DVB 3D-TV

MPEG-4 AVC standards	ATSC A/72 DMB DTMB DVB SBTVD 1seg

Audio	AC-3 (5.1) DTS MPEG-1 Audio Layer II MPEG Multichannel PCM LPCM AAC HE-AAC

Hidden signals	AFD Broadcast flag Captioning CPCM EPG Teletext

Technical issues

14:9 compromise Broadcast-safe Digital cinema (DCI) Display motion blur Moving image formats MPEG transport stream Reverse Standards Conversion Standards conversion Television transmitter Video on demand Video processing Widescreen signaling Templates (Analogue TV Topics)

Analog television broadcasting topics

Systems	180-line 405-line ( System A ) 441-line 525-line ( System J , System M ) 625-line ( System B , System C , System D , System G , System H , System I , System K , System L , System N ) 819-line ( System E , System F )

Color systems	NTSC PAL PAL-M PAL-S PALplus SECAM

Video	Back porch and front porch Black level Blanking level Chrominance Chrominance subcarrier Colorburst Color killer Color TV Composite video Frame (video) Horizontal scan rate Horizontal blanking interval Luma Nominal analogue blanking Overscan Raster scan Safe area Television lines Vertical blanking interval White clipper

Sound	Multichannel television sound NICAM Sound-in-Syncs Zweikanalton

Modulation	Frequency modulation Quadrature amplitude modulation Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB)

Transmission	Amplifiers Antenna (radio) Broadcast transmitter/Transmitter station Cavity amplifier Differential gain Differential phase Diplexer Dipole antenna Dummy load Frequency mixer Intercarrier method Intermediate frequency Output power of an analog TV transmitter Pre-emphasis Residual carrier Split sound system Superheterodyne transmitter Television receive-only Direct-broadcast satellite television Television transmitter Terrestrial television Transposer

Frequencies & Bands	Frequency offset Microwave transmission Television channel frequencies UHF VHF

Propagation	Beam tilt Distortion Earth bulge Field strength in free space Knife-edge effect Noise (electronics) Null fill Path loss Radiation pattern Skew Television interference

Testing	Distortionmeter Field strength meter Vectorscope VIT signals Zero reference pulse

Artifacts	Dot crawl Ghosting Hanover bars Sparklies

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