Catenin alpha-1

Catenin (cadherin-associated protein), alpha 1, 102kDa

PDB rendering based on 1dov.
Available structures
PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
Identifiers
Symbols CTNNA1 ; CAP102
External IDs OMIM: 116805 MGI: 88274 HomoloGene: 1433 GeneCards: CTNNA1 Gene
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species Human Mouse
Entrez 1495 12385
Ensembl ENSG00000044115 ENSMUSG00000037815
UniProt P35221 P26231
RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001290307 NM_009818
RefSeq (protein) NP_001277236 NP_033948
Location (UCSC) Chr 5:
138.61 – 138.94 Mb
Chr 18:
35.12 – 35.25 Mb
PubMed search

αE-catenin, also known as Catenin alpha-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTNNA1 gene.[1][2] αE-catenin is highly expressed in cardiac muscle and localizes to adherens junctions at intercalated disc structures where it functions to mediate the anchorage of actin filaments to the sarcolemma. αE-catenin also plays a role in tumor metastasis and skin cell function.

Structure

Human αE-catenin protein is 100.0 kDa and 906 amino acids.[3] Catenins (α,β,and γ (also known as plakoglobin)) were originally identified in complex with E-cadherin, an epithelial cell adhesion protein. αE-catenin is highly expressed in cardiac muscle[4][5] and is homologous to the protein vinculin; however, aside from vinculin, αE-catenin has no homology to established actin-binding proteins. The N-terminus of αE-catenin binds β-catenin or γ-catenin/plakoglobin, and the C-terminus binds actin directly or indirectly via vinculin or α-actinin.[6]

Function

Though αE-catenin exhibits substantial expression in cardiac muscle, αE-catenin is most well known for role in metastasizing tumor cells.[7] αE-catenin also plays a role in epithelial tissue, both at adherens junctions and in signaling pathways.[8]

In cardiomyocytes, αE-catenin is present in cell to cell regions known as adherens junctions which lie within intercalated discs; these junctions anchor the actin cytoskeleton to the sarcolemma and provide strong cell adhesion.[9]

Functional αE-catenin is required for normal embryonic development, as a mutation eliminating the C-terminal 1/3 of the protein resulting in a complete loss-of-function phenotype showed disruption of the trophoblast epithelium and arrested development at the blastocyst stage.[10]

αE-catenin specifically, not β- or γ-catenin, binds F-actin and organizes and tethers the filaments at regions of cell-cell contact. Studies show that full-length αE-catenin binds and bundles F-actin in a superior fashion relative to individual N-terminal or C-terminal domains.[11]

αE-catenin, along with β-catenin and plakoglobin form distinct complexes with N-cadherin that are involved in forming cell-cell contacts and differentiation of cardiomyocytes. Catenin-N-cadherin complexes are apparently necessary for and precede the first cell to cell contact, precursory to gap junction formation.[12] The anchorage of cadherin-catenin complexes to actin filaments by αE-catenin is regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation.[13]

Functional insights into αE-catenin function have come from studies employing transgenesis. Mice harboring a cardiac-specific deletion of αE-catenin exhibited abnormalities in cardiac dimensions and function, representative of dilated cardiomyopathy. This was further characterized by disorganization of intercalated disc structures and mitochondria, as well as compensatory increases in β-catenin and decreases in localization of cadherin and vinculin at intercalated discs. Knockout mice also exhibited high susceptibility to death following stress.[14]

Interactions

αE-catenin has been shown to interact with:

See also

References

  1. Herrenknecht K, Ozawa M, Eckerskorn C, Lottspeich F, Lenter M, Kemler R (November 1991). "The uvomorulin-anchorage protein alpha catenin is a vinculin homologue". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88 (20): 9156–60. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.20.9156. PMC 52671. PMID 1924379.
  2. "Entrez Gene: CTNNA1 catenin (cadherin-associated protein), alpha 1, 102kDa".
  3. "Protein sequence of human CTNNA1 (Uniprot ID: P35221)". Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knolwedgebase (COPaKB). Retrieved 3 July 2015.
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  12. Hertig CM, Butz S, Koch S, Eppenberger-Eberhardt M, Kemler R, Eppenberger HM (Jan 1996). "N-cadherin in adult rat cardiomyocytes in culture. II. Spatio-temporal appearance of proteins involved in cell-cell contact and communication. Formation of two distinct N-cadherin/catenin complexes". Journal of Cell Science 109 (1): 11–20. PMID 8834786.
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Further reading

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