Cathepsin D

Cathepsin D

PDB rendering based on 1lya.
Available structures
PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
Identifiers
Symbols CTSD ; CLN10; CPSD; HEL-S-130P
External IDs OMIM: 116840 MGI: 88562 HomoloGene: 55616 ChEMBL: 2581 GeneCards: CTSD Gene
EC number 3.4.23.5
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species Human Mouse
Entrez 1509 13033
Ensembl ENSG00000117984 ENSMUSG00000007891
UniProt P07339 P18242
RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001909 NM_009983
RefSeq (protein) NP_001900 NP_034113
Location (UCSC) Chr 11:
1.75 – 1.76 Mb		 Chr 7:
142.37 – 142.39 Mb
PubMed search

Cathepsin D is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTSD gene.[1][2]

This gene encodes a lysosomal aspartyl protease composed of a protein dimer of disulfide-linked heavy and light chains, both produced from a single protein precursor. This proteinase, which is a member of the peptidase A1 family, has a specificity similar to but narrower than that of pepsin A. Transcription of this gene is initiated from several sites, including one that is a start site for an estrogen-regulated transcript. Mutations in this gene are involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including breast cancer and possibly Alzheimer disease.[2]

It has been used as a breast cancer tumor marker.[3]

Cathepsin-D is an aspartic protease that depends critically on protonation of its active site Asp residue and gets activated at pH 5 in the endosomes of hepatocytes, where it degrades insulin. Along with Asp-protonation, lower pH also leads to conformational switch in cathepsin-D : the N terminal segment of the protease moves out of the active site as pH drops. [4] [5] [6] Ceramide binds-to and activates cathepsin D.[7]

References

  1. ↑ Faust PL, Kornfeld S, Chirgwin JM (Sep 1985). "Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for human cathepsin D". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 82 (15): 4910–4. doi:10.1073/pnas.82.15.4910. PMC 390467. PMID 3927292.
  2. 1 2 "Entrez Gene: CTSD cathepsin D".
  3. ↑ Wolf M, Clark-Lewis I, Buri C, Langen H, Lis M, Mazzucchelli L (April 2003). "Cathepsin D specifically cleaves the chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta, and SLC that are expressed in human breast cancer". Am. J. Pathol. 162 (4): 1183–90. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63914-4. PMC 1851240. PMID 12651610.
  4. ↑ Authier F, Métioui M, Fabrega S, Kouach M, Briand G (2002). "Endosomal proteolysis of internalized insulin at the C-terminal region of the B chain by cathepsin D". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (11): 9437–9446. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110188200. PMID 11779865.
  5. ↑ Lee Angela, Gulnik Sergei, Erickson John (1998). "Conformational switching in an aspartic proteinase". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology 5 (10): 866–871. doi:10.1038/2306.
  6. ↑ Petsko Gregory, Ringe Dagmar (2004). Protein Structure and Function. ISBN 978-1-4051-1922-1.
  7. ↑ Heinrich M1, Wickel M, Schneider-Brachert W, Sandberg C, Gahr J, Schwandner R, Weber T, Saftig P, Peters C, Brunner J, Krönke M, Schütze S (1999). "Cathepsin D targeted by acid sphingomyelinase-derived ceramide". The EMBO Journal 18 (19): 5252–5263. doi:10.1093/emboj/18.19.5252. PMC 1171596. PMID 10508159.

External links

Further reading

  • Chao J, Miao RQ, Chen V; et al. (2001). "Novel roles of kallistatin, a specific tissue kallikrein inhibitor, in vascular remodeling". Biol. Chem. 382 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1515/BC.2001.003. PMID 11258665. 
  • Leto G, Tumminello FM, Crescimanno M; et al. (2004). "Cathepsin D expression levels in nongynecological solid tumors: clinical and therapeutic implications". Clin. Exp. Metastasis 21 (2): 91–106. doi:10.1023/B:CLIN.0000024740.44602.b7. PMID 15168727. 
  • Liaudet-Coopman E, Beaujouin M, Derocq D; et al. (2006). "Cathepsin D: newly discovered functions of a long-standing aspartic protease in cancer and apoptosis". Cancer Lett. 237 (2): 167–79. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2005.06.007. PMID 16046058. 
  • Knight CG, Barrett AJ (1976). "Interaction of human cathepsin D with the inhibitor pepstatin". Biochem. J. 155 (1): 117–25. PMC 1172808. PMID 938470. 
  • Gulnik S, Baldwin ET, Tarasova N, Erickson J (1992). "Human liver cathepsin D. Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of a lysosomal enzyme". J. Mol. Biol. 227 (1): 265–70. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(92)90696-H. PMID 1522590. 
  • Conner GE, Richo G (1992). "Isolation and characterization of a stable activation intermediate of the lysosomal aspartyl protease cathepsin D". Biochemistry 31 (4): 1142–7. doi:10.1021/bi00119a024. PMID 1734961. 
  • Fujita H, Tanaka Y, Noguchi Y; et al. (1991). "Isolation and sequencing of a cDNA clone encoding rat liver lysosomal cathepsin D and the structure of three forms of mature enzymes". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 179 (1): 190–6. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(91)91353-E. PMID 1883350. 
  • Dunn AD, Crutchfield HE, Dunn JT (1991). "Thyroglobulin processing by thyroidal proteases. Major sites of cleavage by cathepsins B, D, and L". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (30): 20198–204. PMID 1939080. 
  • Lenarcic B, Krasovec M, Ritonja A; et al. (1991). "Inactivation of human cystatin C and kininogen by human cathepsin D". FEBS Lett. 280 (2): 211–5. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(91)80295-E. PMID 2013314. 
  • Redecker B, Heckendorf B, Grosch HW; et al. (1991). "Molecular organization of the human cathepsin D gene". DNA Cell Biol. 10 (6): 423–31. doi:10.1089/dna.1991.10.423. PMID 2069717. 
  • Conner GE, Udey JA (1990). "Expression and refolding of recombinant human fibroblast procathepsin D". DNA Cell Biol. 9 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1089/dna.1990.9.1. PMID 2180427. 
  • Capony F, Rougeot C, Montcourrier P; et al. (1989). "Increased secretion, altered processing, and glycosylation of pro-cathepsin D in human mammary cancer cells". Cancer Res. 49 (14): 3904–9. PMID 2736531. 
  • Lenarcic B, Kos J, Dolenc I; et al. (1988). "Cathepsin D inactivates cysteine proteinase inhibitors, cystatins". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 154 (2): 765–72. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(88)90206-9. PMID 3261170. 
  • Westley BR, May FE (1987). "Oestrogen regulates cathepsin D mRNA levels in oestrogen responsive human breast cancer cells". Nucleic Acids Res. 15 (9): 3773–86. doi:10.1093/nar/15.9.3773. PMC 340781. PMID 3588310. 
  • Terayama H, Fukuzumi R (1987). "Ubiquitous presence of calciferin-like and cathepsin D-like activities in the sera (vertebrates) and humoral fluids (invertebrates)". Comp. Biochem. Physiol., B 87 (4): 675–9. doi:10.1016/0305-0491(87)90373-7. PMID 3665421. 
  • Sekiguchi K, Siri A, Zardi L, Hakomori S (1985). "Differences in domain structure between human fibronectins isolated from plasma and from culture supernatants of normal and transformed fibroblasts. Studies with domain-specific antibodies". J. Biol. Chem. 260 (8): 5105–14. PMID 3988746. 
  • Lemansky P, Gieselmann V, Hasilik A, von Figura K (1984). "Cathepsin D and beta-hexosaminidase synthesized in the presence of 1-deoxynojirimycin accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum". J. Biol. Chem. 259 (16): 10129–35. PMID 6236213. 
  • Dreyer RN, Bausch KM, Fracasso P; et al. (1994). "Processing of the pre-beta-amyloid protein by cathepsin D is enhanced by a familial Alzheimer's disease mutation". Eur. J. Biochem. 224 (2): 265–71. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.00265.x. PMID 7523115. 
  • Atkins KB, Troen BR (1995). "Regulation of cathepsin D gene expression in HL-60 cells by retinoic acid and calcitriol". Cell Growth Differ. 6 (7): 871–7. PMID 7547509. 
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