Broad-snouted caiman

Broad-snouted caiman
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Superorder: Crocodylomorpha
Order: Crocodilia
Family: Alligatoridae
Genus: Caiman
Species: C. latirostris
Binomial name
Caiman latirostris
Daudin, 1801
Broad-snouted Caiman range
Synonyms

The broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris) is a crocodilian reptile found in eastern and central South America, including southeastern Brazil, northern Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia.[1] It is found mostly in freshwater marshes, swamps, and mangroves, usually in still or very slow-moving waters.[2] It will often use man-made cow ponds.[3]

Characteristics

In the wild, adults normally grow to 2 to 2.5 m (6.6 to 8.2 ft) in length, but a few old males have been recorded to reach up to 3.5 m (11 ft).[4][5] Captive adults were found to have weighed 29.2 to 62 kg (64 to 137 lb).[6] Most tend to be of a light olive-green color. A few individuals have spots on their faces.[7] The most notable physical characteristic is the broad snout from which its name is derived.[8] The snout is well adapted to rip through the dense vegetation of the marshes. Due to this, they swallow some of the dense vegetation while foraging for food.[9]

Biology and behavior

Broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris) on the border of pond in Bonito MS, Brazil

As the majority of sauropsids, the broad-snouted caiman is ectothermic, it depends on its external environment to regulate its body temperature. A recent study on the heart rate's contribution to the regulation of the caimans' body temperature showed an increase in heart rate as the temperature increased, and it lowers once the temperature lowered.[10] The heat of the sun is absorbed through the skin into the blood, keeping its body temperature up. An increased heart rate helps the newly absorbed heat transfer throughout the body more quickly. When the air becomes cooler, the need for the heart rate to remain at an increased rate is lost.[11]

Hunting and diet

Its diet consists mainly of small invertebrates, and it can crush shells to feed on turtles and snails.[12] As the size of C. latirostris increases, the size of its prey tends to increase. All young broad-snouted caimans have a diet consisting of mostly insects; however, as the caiman grows, it increases its intake of birds, fish, and reptiles.[13] Captive specimens have been documented and photographed devouring the fruit of Phylodendron bipinnatifidum without external stimulation, though it is unclear if this is because of them being housed with tegu or a natural behaviour.[14] A later study by another group also concluded that C.latirostris and its relatives are obligate omnivores, and play an important role in the dispersal of plant seeds in their habitats.[15]

Reproduction

The female lays 18 to 50 eggs at a time. While rare, up to 129 eggs have been found within a single nest, presumably from several layings.[16] They lay their eggs in two layers, with a slight temperature difference between the two layers. This will result in a more even ratio of males and females.[17] The caiman does not have sex chromosomes, but instead depends on temperature to determine the ratio of male and female offspring. Eggs at warmer temperatures (32°C or higher) develop into females and eggs at cooler temperatures (31°C or lower) develop into males.[18]

Conservation

Hunting of the species began in the 1940s. Its skin is greatly valued for its smooth texture. Until most countries have made hunting them illegal, this was the largest threat to the broad-snouted caiman. This helped them to regain their population.[19] The new threat is habitat destruction.[20] Deforestation and pollution run-off are the two leading causes to the destruction of their habitat.[21]

It is a very well-known species in the lagoons of the urban areas of Barra da Tijuca and Recreio dos Bandeirantes, in Rio de Janeiro.

References

  1. ↑ Crocodile Specialist Group (1996). Caiman latirostris. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 12 May 2006.
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  2. ↑ Verdade,L.M. Alejandro,L. and Pina, C.I. "Broad-snouted Caiman Caiman latirostris . Animal Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences. http://www.iucncsg.org/ph1/modules/Publications/ActionPlan3/04_Caiman_latirostris.pdfIts. 2010. pp. 18-22.
  3. ↑ Britton, A. "Caiman latirostris (Daudin, 1801). Crocodilian Species List.http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/cnhc/csp_clat.htm. 2009.
  4. ↑ Verdade,L.M. Alejandro,L. and Pina, C.I. "Broad-snouted Caiman Caiman latirostris . Animal Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences. http://www.iucncsg.org/ph1/modules/Publications/ActionPlan3/04_Caiman_latirostris.pdfIts. 2010. pp. 18-22.
  5. ↑
  6. ↑
  7. ↑ Britton, A. "Caiman latirostris (Daudin, 1801). Crocodilian Species List.http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/cnhc/csp_clat.htm. 2009
  8. ↑ Britton, A. "Caiman latirostris (Daudin, 1801). Crocodilian Species List.http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/cnhc/csp_clat.htm. 2009.
  9. ↑ Borteiro, C. Gutierrez, F. Tedros, M. and Kolenc, F. Food habits of the Broad-snouted Caiman (Caiman Latirostris:Crocodylia, Alligatoridae) in northwestern Uruguay. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment. Vol. 44, No. 1, April 2009, 31-36.
  10. ↑ Micheli, M.A. Campbell, H. A. Autonomic control of heart rate exhibits diurnal shifts in a crocodilian.Amphibia-Reptilia, Vol. 29 Issue 4, 2008. 567-571.
  11. ↑ Micheli, M.A. Campbell, H. A. Autonomic control of heart rate exhibits diurnal shifts in a crocodilian.Amphibia-Reptilia, Vol. 29 Issue 4, 2008. 567-571.
  12. ↑ Britton, A. "Caiman latirostris (Daudin, 1801). Crocodilian Species List.http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/cnhc/csp_clat.htm. 2009.
  13. ↑ Borteiro, C. Gutierrez, F. Tedros, M. and Kolenc, F. Food habits of the Broad-snouted Caiman (Caiman Latirostris:Crocodylia, Alligatoridae) in northwestern Uruguay. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment. Vol. 44, No. 1, April 2009, 33-35.
  14. ↑ Brito et al 2002. "Do caiman eat fruit?".http://www.rc.unesp.br/ib/zoologia/denis/Brito_et_al.pdf. 2002.
  15. ↑ Platt, S.G; Elsey, R.M; Liu, H. (2013). "Frugivory and seed dispersal by crocodilians: an overlooked form of saurochory?". Journal of Zoology 291. doi:10.1111/jzo.12052.
  16. ↑ Verdade,L.M. Alejandro,L. and Pina, C.I. "Broad-snouted Caiman Caiman latirostris . Animal Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences. http://www.iucncsg.org/ph1/modules/Publications/ActionPlan3/04_Caiman_latirostris.pdfIts. 2010. pp. 18-22.
  17. ↑ Britton, A. "Caiman latirostris (Daudin, 1801). Crocodilian Species List.http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/cnhc/csp_clat.htm. 2009.
  18. ↑ Lang, J.W. "Sex Determination."Crocodiles and Alligators. Ross, C.A. Garnett, S. Dr. Facts on File, New York. 1989. 120.
  19. ↑ Verdade,L.M. Alejandro,L. and Pina, C.I. "Broad-snouted Caiman Caiman latirostris . Animal Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences. http://www.iucncsg.org/ph1/modules/Publications/ActionPlan3/04_Caiman_latirostris.pdfIts. 2010. pp. 18-22.
  20. ↑ Verdade,L.M. Alejandro,L. and Pina, C.I. "Broad-snouted Caiman Caiman latirostris . Animal Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences. http://www.iucncsg.org/ph1/modules/Publications/ActionPlan3/04_Caiman_latirostris.pdfIts. 2010. pp. 18-22.
  21. ↑ Britton, A. "Caiman latirostris (Daudin, 1801). Crocodilian Species List.http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/cnhc/csp_clat.htm. 2009.
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