Cantref
A Cantref (Welsh pronunciation: [ˈkaːntrɛ(v)]; plural cantrefi) was a medieval Welsh land division, particularly important in the administration of Welsh law.
Description
Land in medieval Wales was divided into cantrefi, which were themselves divided into smaller cymydau (commotes).[1] The name "cantref" is derived from "Cant" ("a hundred") and "tref" ("town" in modern Welsh but formerly used for much smaller settlements). The cantref is thought to be the original unit, with the commotes being a later division. Cantrefi could vary considerably in size; most were divided into two or three commotes but the largest, the "Cantref Mawr" or "Great Cantref" in Ystrad Tywi (now in Carmarthenshire) was divided into seven commotes. To give an idea of the size of a cantref, the island of Anglesey was divided into three cantrefi, Cemais, Aberffraw and Rhosyr.
History
The antiquity of the cantrefi is demonstrated by the fact that they often mark the boundary between dialects. Some were originally kingdoms in their own right, others may have been artificial units created later.[2]
Cantrefi were of particular importance in the administration of the Welsh law. Each cantref had its own court, which was an assembly of the "uchelwyr", the main landowners of the cantref. This would be presided over by the king if he happened to be present in the cantref, or if he was not present by his representative. Apart from the judges there would be a clerk, an usher and sometimes two professional pleaders. The cantref court dealt with crimes, the determination of boundaries and matters concerning inheritance. The commote court later took over many of the functions of the cantref court, and in some areas the names of the commotes are much better known than the name of the cantref of which they formed parts.
The Cantrefi of Wales
Deheubarth
- Penweddig
- Is Aeron
- Uwch Aeron
- Cemais
- Pebidiog
- Rhos
- Deugleddyf
- Penfro
- Cantref Gwarthaf
- Emlyn
- Y Cantref Mawr
- Y Cantref Bychan
- Eginog
Kingdom of Gwent
- Gwent Is-coed
- Gwent Uch-coed
Kingdom of Gwynedd
Kingdom of Powys
Morgannwg
Rhwng Gwy a Hafren
See also
Citations
References
- Koch, John T., ed. (2005), Celtic Culture: a historical encyclopedia, ABC-Clio (published 2006), ISBN 978-1-85109-440-0
- Lloyd, John Edward (1911), A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest I (2nd ed.), London: Longmans, Green, and Co (published 1912)
Further study
- Lewis, Hubert (1884), Lloyd, John Edward, ed., The Ancient Laws of Wales, London: Elliot Stock (published 1889)
- Owen, Aneurin (translator) (1915), "Laws of Howel Dda", in Kocourek, Albert; Wigmore, John H., Sources of Ancient and Primitive Law, Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, pp. 519–553
- Probert, William, ed. (1823), The Ancient Laws of Cambria, London
- Richards, G. Melville (1969). Welsh Administrative and Territorial Units, Medieval and Modern. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
- Seebohm, Frederic (1895), The Tribal System in Wales (2nd ed.), London: Longmans, Green, and Co (published 1904)
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