Capelli's identity

In mathematics, Capelli's identity, named after Alfredo Capelli (1887), is an analogue of the formula det(AB) = det(A) det(B), for certain matrices with noncommuting entries, related to the representation theory of the Lie algebra $\mathfrak{gl}_n$. It can be used to relate an invariant ƒ to the invariant Ωƒ, where Ω is Cayley's Ω process.

Statement

Suppose that x_ij for i,j = 1,...,n are commuting variables. Write E_ij for the polarization operator

$E_{ij} = \sum_{a=1}^n x_{ia}\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{ja}}.$

The Capelli identity states that the following differential operators, expressed as determinants, are equal:

$\begin{vmatrix} E_{11}+n-1 & \cdots &E_{1,n-1}& E_{1n} \\ \vdots& \ddots & \vdots&\vdots\\ E_{n-1,1} & \cdots & E_{n-1,n-1}+1&E_{n-1,n} \\ E_{n1} & \cdots & E_{n,n-1}& E_{nn} +0\end{vmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix} x_{11} & \cdots & x_{1n} \\ \vdots& \ddots & \vdots\\ x_{n1} & \cdots & x_{nn} \end{vmatrix} \begin{vmatrix} \frac{\partial}{\partial x_{11}} & \cdots &\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{1n}} \\ \vdots& \ddots & \vdots\\ \frac{\partial}{\partial x_{n1}} & \cdots &\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{nn}} \end{vmatrix}.$

Both sides are differential operators. The determinant on the left has non-commuting entries, and is expanded with all terms preserving their "left to right" order. Such a determinant is often called a column-determinant, since it can be obtained by the column expansion of the determinant starting from the first column. It can be formally written as

$\det(A) = \sum_{\sigma \in S_n} \sgn(\sigma) A_{\sigma(1),1}A_{\sigma(2),2}\cdots A_{\sigma(n),n},$

where in the product first come the elements from the first column, then from the second and so on. The determinant on the far right is Cayley's omega process, and the one on the left is the Capelli determinant.

The operators E_ij can be written in a matrix form:

$E = X D^t,$

where $E, X, D$ are matrices with elements E_ij, x_ij, $\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{ij}}$ respectively. If all elements in these matrices would be commutative then clearly $\det(E) = \det(X) \det(D^t)$. The Capelli identity shows that despite noncommutativity there exists a "quantization" of the formula above. The only price for the noncommutativity is a small correction: $(n-i)\delta_{ij}$ on the left hand side. For generic noncommutative matrices formulas like

$\det(AB)=\det(A)\det(B)$

do not exist, and the notion of the 'determinant' itself does not make sense for generic noncommutative matrices. That is why the Capelli identity still holds some mystery, despite many proofs offered for it. A very short proof does not seem to exist. Direct verification of the statement can be given as an exercise for n' = 2, but is already long for n = 3.

Relations with representation theory

Consider the following slightly more general context. Suppose that $n$ and $m$ are two integers and $x_{ij}$ for $i = 1, \dots, n, \ j = 1, \dots, m$, be commuting variables. Redefine $E_{ij}$ by almost the same formula:

$E_{ij} = \sum_{a=1}^m x_{ia}\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{ja}}.$

with the only difference that summation index $a$ ranges from $1$ to $m$. One can easily see that such operators satisfy the commutation relations:

$[ E_{ij}, E_{kl}] = \delta_{jk}E_{il}- \delta_{il}E_{kj}.~~~~~~~~~$

Here $[a,b]$ denotes the commutator $ab-ba$. These are the same commutation relations which are satisfied by the matrices $e_{ij}$ which have zeros everywhere except the position $(i,j)$, where 1 stands. ($e_{ij}$ are sometimes called matrix units). Hence we conclude that the correspondence $\pi : e_{ij} \mapsto E_{ij}$ defines a representation of the Lie algebra $\mathfrak{gl}_n$ in the vector space of polynomials of $x_{ij}$.

Case m = 1 and representation S^k Cⁿ

It is especially instructive to consider the special case m = 1; in this case we have x_i1, which is abbreviated as x_i:

$E_{ij} = x_i \frac{\partial}{\partial x_j}.$

In particular, for the polynomials of the first degree it is seen that:

$E_{ij} x_k = \delta_{jk} x_i. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~$

Hence the action of $E_{ij}$ restricted to the space of first-order polynomials is exactly the same as the action of matrix units $e_{ij}$ on vectors in $\mathbb{C}^{n}$. So, from the representation theory point of view, the subspace of polynomials of first degree is a subrepresentation of the Lie algebra $\mathfrak{gl}_n$, which we identified with the standard representation in $\mathbb{C}^{n}$. Going further, it is seen that the differential operators $E_{ij}$ preserve the degree of the polynomials, and hence the polynomials of each fixed degree form a subrepresentation of the Lie algebra $\mathfrak{gl}_n$. One can see further that the space of homogeneous polynomials of degree k can be identified with the symmetric tensor power $S^k \mathbb{C}^n$ of the standard representation $\mathbb C^n$.

One can also easily identify the highest weight structure of these representations. The monomial $x^k_1$ is a highest weight vector, indeed: $E_{ij} x^k_1=0$ for i < j. Its highest weight equals to (k, 0, ... ,0), indeed: $E_{ii} x^k_1= k \delta_{i1}x^k_1$.

Such representation is sometimes called bosonic representation of $\mathfrak{gl}_n$. Similar formulas $E_{ij} = \psi_{i}\frac{\partial}{\partial \psi_{j}}$ define the so-called fermionic representation, here $\psi_{i}$ are anti-commuting variables. Again polynomials of k-th degree form an irreducible subrepresentation which is isomorphic to $\Lambda^k \mathbb{C}^{n}$ i.e. anti-symmetric tensor power of $\mathbb{C}^{n}$. Highest weight of such representation is (0, ..., 0, 1, 0, ..., 0). These representations for k = 1, ..., n are fundamental representations of $\mathfrak{gl}_n$.

Capelli identity for m = 1

Let us return to the Capelli identity. One can prove the following:

$\det(E+(n-i)\delta_{ij}) = 0, \qquad n>1$

the motivation for this equality is the following: consider $E^c_{ij} = x_i p_j$ for some commuting variables $x_i, p_j$. The matrix $E^{c}$ is of rank one and hence its determinant is equal to zero. Elements of matrix $E$ are defined by the similar formulas, however, its elements do not commute. The Capelli identity shows that the commutative identity: $\det(E^{c})=0$ can be preserved for the small price of correcting matrix $E$ by $(n-i)\delta_{ij}$.

Let us also mention that similar identity can be given for the characteristic polynomial:

$\det(t+E+(n-i)\delta_{ij}) = t^{[n]}+ \mathrm{Tr}(E)t^{[n-1]}, ~~~~$

where $t^{[k]}=t(t+1) \cdots (t+k-1)$. The commutative counterpart of this is a simple fact that for rank = 1 matrices the characteristic polynomial contains only the first and the second coefficients.

Let us consider an example for n = 2.

$\begin{align} & \begin{vmatrix} t+ E_{11}+1 & E_{12} \\ E_{21} & t+ E_{22} \end{vmatrix} =\begin{vmatrix} t+ x_1 \partial_1+1 & x_1 \partial_2 \\ x_2 \partial_1 & t+ x_2 \partial_2 \end{vmatrix} \\[8pt] & = (t+ x_1 \partial_1+1 ) ( t+ x_2 \partial_2)- x_2 \partial_1 x_1 \partial_2 \\[6pt] & = t(t+1)+ t( x_1 \partial_1 + x_2 \partial_2) +x_1 \partial_1 x_2 \partial_2+x_2 \partial_2 - x_2 \partial_1 x_1 \partial_2 \end{align}$

Using

$\partial_1 x_1= x_1\partial_1+1,\partial_1 x_2= x_2\partial_1, x_1x_2=x_2x_1 \,$

we see that this is equal to:

$\begin{align} & {} \quad t(t+1)+ t( x_1 \partial_1 + x_2 \partial_2) +x_2 x_1 \partial_1 \partial_2+x_2 \partial_2 - x_2 x_1 \partial_1 \partial_2 - x_2 \partial_2 \\[8pt] & = t(t+1)+ t( x_1 \partial_1 + x_2 \partial_2)=t^{[2]}+ t\,\mathrm{Tr}(E). \end{align}$

The universal enveloping algebra $U(\mathfrak{gl}_n)$ and its center

An interesting property of the Capelli determinant is that it commutes with all operators E_ij, that is the commutator $[ E_{ij}, \det(E+(n-i)\delta_{ij})]=0$ is equal to zero. It can be generalized:

Consider any elements E_ij in any ring, such that they satisfy the commutation relation $[ E_{ij}, E_{kl}] = \delta_{jk}E_{il}- \delta_{il}E_{kj}$, (so they can be differential operators above, matrix units e_ij or any other elements) define elements C_k as follows:

$\det(t+E+(n-i)\delta_{ij}) = t^{[n]}+\sum_{k=n-1,\dots,0} t^{[k]} C_k, ~~~~~$

where $t^{[k]}=t(t+1)\cdots(t+k-1),$

then:

• elements C_k commute with all elements E_ij
• elements C_k can be given by the formulas similar to the commutative case:

$C_k=\sum_{I=(i_1<i_2<\cdots<i_k)} \det(E+(k-i)\delta_{ij})_{II},$

i.e. they are sums of principal minors of the matrix E, modulo the Capelli correction $+(k-i)\delta_{ij}$. In particular element C₀ is the Capelli determinant considered above.

These statements are interrelated with the Capelli identity, as will be discussed below, and similarly to it the direct few lines short proof does not seem to exist, despite the simplicity of the formulation.

The universal enveloping algebra

$U(\mathfrak{gl}_n)$

can defined as an algebra generated by

E_ij

subject to the relations

$[ E_{ij}, E_{kl}] = \delta_{jk}E_{il}- \delta_{il}E_{kj}$

alone. The proposition above shows that elements C_kbelong to the center of $U(\mathfrak{gl}_n)$. It can be shown that they actually are free generators of the center of $U(\mathfrak{gl}_n)$. They are sometimes called Capelli generators. The Capelli identities for them will be discussed below.

Consider an example for n = 2.

$\begin{align} {}\quad \begin{vmatrix} t+ E_{11}+1 & E_{12} \\ E_{21} & t+ E_{22} \end{vmatrix} & = (t+ E_{11}+1)(t+ E_{22})-E_{21}E_{12} \\ & = t(t+1)+t(E_{11}+E_{22})+E_{11}E_{22}-E_{21}E_{12}+E_{22}. \end{align}$

It is immediate to check that element $(E_{11}+E_{22})$ commute with $E_{ij}$. (It corresponds to an obvious fact that the identity matrix commute with all other matrices). More instructive is to check commutativity of the second element with $E_{ij}$. Let us do it for $E_{12}$:

$[E_{12}, E_{11}E_{22}-E_{21}E_{12}+E_{22}]$

$=[E_{12}, E_{11}] E_{22} + E_{11} [E_{12}, E_{22}] - [E_{12}, E_{21}] E_{12} - E_{21}[E_{12},E_{12}] +[E_{12},E_{22}]$

$=-E_{12} E_{22} + E_{11} E_{12} - (E_{11}- E_{22}) E_{12} - 0 +E_{12}$

$=-E_{12} E_{22} + E_{22} E_{12} +E_{12}= -E_{12} + E_{12}=0.$

We see that the naive determinant $E_{11}E_{22}-E_{21}E_{12}$ will not commute with $E_{12}$ and the Capelli's correction $+E_{22}$ is essential to ensure the centrality.

General m and dual pairs

Let us return to the general case:

$E_{ij} = \sum_{a=1}^m x_{ia}\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{ja}},$

for arbitrary n and m. Definition of operators E_ij can be written in a matrix form: $E = X D^t$, where $E$ is $n \times n$ matrix with elements $E_{ij}$; $X$ is $n \times m$ matrix with elements $x_{ij}$; $D$ is $n \times m$ matrix with elements $\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{ij}}$.

Capelli–Cauchy–Binet identities

For general m matrix E is given as product of the two rectangular matrices: X and transpose to D. If all elements of these matrices would commute then one knows that the determinant of E can be expressed by the so-called Cauchy–Binet formula via minors of X and D. An analogue of this formula also exists for matrix E again for the same mild price of the correction $E \rightarrow (E+(n-i)\delta_{ij})$:

$\det(E+(n-i)\delta_{ij}) = \sum_{I=(1\le i_1<i_2<\cdots <i_n \le m)} \det(X_{I}) \det(D^t_{I})$,

In particular (similar to the commutative case): if m<n, then $\det(E+(n-i)\delta_{ij}) =0$; if m=n we return to the identity above.

Let us also mention that similar to the commutative case (see Cauchy–Binet for minors), one can express not only the determinant of E, but also its minors via minors of X and D:

$\det(E+(s-i)\delta_{ij})_{KL} = \sum_{I=(1\le i_1<i_2< \cdots <i_s \le m)} \det(X_{KI}) \det(D^t_{IL})$,

Here K = (k₁ < k₂ < ... < k_s), L = (l₁ < l₂ < ... < l_s), are arbitrary multi-indexes; as usually $M_{KL}$ denotes a submatrix of M formed by the elements M _kalb. Pay attention that the Capelli correction now contains s, not n as in previous formula. Note that for s=1, the correction (s − i) disappears and we get just the definition of E as a product of X and transpose to D. Let us also mention that for generic K,L corresponding minors do not commute with all elements E_ij, so the Capelli identity exists not only for central elements.

As a corollary of this formula and the one for the characteristic polynomial in the previous section let us mention the following:

$\det(t+E+(n-i)\delta_{ij}) = t^{[n]}+\sum_{k=n-1,\dots,0}t^{[k]} \sum_{I,J} \det(X_{IJ}) \det(D^t_{JI}),$

where $I=(1\le i_1<\cdots <i_k \le n),$ $J=(1\le j_1< \cdots <j_k \le n)$. This formula is similar to the commutative case, modula $+(n-i)\delta_{ij}$ at the left hand side and t^[n] instead of tⁿ at the right hand side.

Relation to dual pairs

Modern interest in these identities has been much stimulated by Roger Howe who considered them in his theory of reductive dual pairs (also known as Howe duality). To make the first contact with these ideas, let us look more precisely on operators $E_{ij}$. Such operators preserve the degree of polynomials. Let us look at the polynomials of degree 1: $E_{ij} x_{kl} = x_{il} \delta_{jk}$, we see that index l is preserved. One can see that from the representation theory point of view polynomials of the first degree can be identified with direct sum of the representations $\mathbb{C}^n \oplus \cdots \oplus \mathbb{C}^n$, here l-th subspace (l=1...m) is spanned by $x_{il}$, i = 1, ..., n. Let us give another look on this vector space:

$\mathbb{C}^n \oplus \cdots \oplus \mathbb{C}^n = \mathbb{C}^n \otimes \mathbb{C}^m .$

Such point of view gives the first hint of symmetry between m and n. To deepen this idea let us consider:

$E_{ij}^\text{dual} = \sum_{a=1}^n x_{ai}\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{aj}}.$

These operators are given by the same formulas as $E_{ij}$ modula renumeration $i \leftrightarrow j$, hence by the same arguments we can deduce that $E_{ij}^\text{dual}$ form a representation of the Lie algebra $\mathfrak{gl}_m$ in the vector space of polynomials of x_ij. Before going further we can mention the following property: differential operators $E_{ij}^\text{dual}$ commute with differential operators $E_{kl}$.

The Lie group $GL_n \times GL_m$ acts on the vector space $\mathbb{C}^n \otimes \mathbb{C}^m$ in a natural way. One can show that the corresponding action of Lie algebra $\mathfrak{gl}_n \times \mathfrak{gl}_m$ is given by the differential operators $E_{ij}~~~~$ and $E_{ij}^\text{dual}$ respectively. This explains the commutativity of these operators.

The following deeper properties actually hold true:

• The only differential operators which commute with $E_{ij}~~~~$ are polynomials in $E_{ij}^\text{dual}$, and vice versa.
• Decomposition of the vector space of polynomials into a direct sum of tensor products of irreducible representations of $GL_n$ and $GL_m$ can be given as follows:

$\mathbb{C} [x_{ij}] = S(\mathbb{C}^n \otimes \mathbb{C}^m) = \sum_D \rho_n^D \otimes\rho_m^{D'}.$

The summands are indexed by the Young diagrams D, and representations $\rho^D$ are mutually non-isomorphic. And diagram ${D}$ determine ${D'}$ and vice versa.

• In particular the representation of the big group $GL_n \times GL_m$ is multiplicity free, that is each irreducible representation occurs only one time.

One easily observe the strong similarity to Schur–Weyl duality.

Generalizations

Much work have been done on the identity and its generalizations. Approximately two dozens of mathematicians and physicists contributed to the subject, to name a few: R. Howe, B. Kostant^[1][2] Fields medalist A. Okounkov^[3][4] A. Sokal,^[5] D. Zeilberger.^[6]

It seems historically the first generalizations were obtained by Herbert Westren Turnbull in 1948,^[7] who found the generalization for the case of symmetric matrices (see^[5][6] for modern treatments).

The other generalizations can be divided into several patterns. Most of them are based on the Lie algebra point of view. Such generalizations consist of changing Lie algebra $\mathfrak{gl}_n$ to simple Lie algebras ^[8] and their super^[9][10] (q),^[11][12] and current versions.^[13] As well as identity can be generalized for different reductive dual pairs.^[14][15] And finally one can consider not only the determinant of the matrix E, but its permanent,^[16] trace of its powers and immanants.^{[3][4][17][18]} Let us mention few more papers;^{[19][20][21] [22] [23] [24] [25]} still the list of references is incomplete. It has been believed for quite a long time that the identity is intimately related with semi-simple Lie algebras. Surprisingly a new purely algebraic generalization of the identity have been found in 2008^[5] by S. Caracciolo, A. Sportiello, A. D. Sokal which has nothing to do with any Lie algebras.

Turnbull's identity for symmetric matrices

Consider symmetric matrices

$X=\begin{vmatrix} x_{11} & x_{12} & x_{13} &\cdots & x_{1n} \\ x_{12} & x_{22} & x_{23} &\cdots & x_{2n} \\ x_{13} & x_{23} & x_{33} &\cdots & x_{3n} \\ \vdots& \vdots & \vdots &\ddots & \vdots \\ x_{1n} & x_{2n} & x_{3n} &\cdots & x_{nn} \end{vmatrix}, D=\begin{vmatrix} 2 \frac{\partial} { \partial x_{11} } & \frac{\partial} {\partial x_{12}} & \frac{\partial} { \partial x_{13}} &\cdots & \frac{\partial}{\partial x_{1n} } \\[6pt] \frac{\partial} {\partial x_{12} } & 2 \frac{\partial} {\partial x_{22}} & \frac{\partial} { \partial x_{23}} &\cdots & \frac{\partial}{\partial x_{2n} } \\[6pt] \frac{\partial} {\partial x_{13} } & \frac{\partial} {\partial x_{23}} & 2\frac{\partial} { \partial x_{33}} &\cdots & \frac{\partial}{\partial x_{3n} } \\[6pt] \vdots& \vdots & \vdots &\ddots & \vdots \\ \frac{\partial} {\partial x_{1n} } & \frac{\partial} {\partial x_{2n}} & \frac{\partial} { \partial x_{3n}} &\cdots & 2 \frac{\partial}{\partial x_{nn} } \end{vmatrix}$

Herbert Westren Turnbull^[7] in 1948 discovered the following identity:

$\det(XD+(n-i)\delta_{ij}) = \det(X) \det(D) \,$

Combinatorial proof can be found in the paper,^[6] another proof and amusing generalizations in the paper,^[5] see also discussion below.

The Howe–Umeda–Kostant–Sahi identity for antisymmetric matrices

Consider antisymmetric matrices

$X=\begin{vmatrix} 0 & x_{12} & x_{13} &\cdots & x_{1n} \\ -x_{12} & 0 & x_{23} &\cdots & x_{2n} \\ -x_{13} & -x_{23} & 0 &\cdots & x_{3n} \\ \vdots& \vdots & \vdots &\ddots & \vdots \\ -x_{1n} & -x_{2n} & -x_{3n} &\cdots & 0 \end{vmatrix}, D=\begin{vmatrix} 0 & \frac{\partial} {\partial x_{12}} & \frac{\partial} {\partial x_{13}} &\cdots & \frac{\partial}{\partial x_{1n} } \\[6pt] -\frac{\partial} { \partial x_{12} } & 0 & \frac{\partial} { \partial x_{23}} &\cdots & \frac{\partial}{\partial x_{2n} } \\[6pt] -\frac{\partial} {\partial x_{13} } & -\frac{\partial} {\partial x_{23}} & 0 &\cdots & \frac{\partial}{\partial x_{3n} } \\[6pt] \vdots& \vdots & \vdots &\ddots & \vdots \\[6pt] -\frac{\partial} {\partial x_{1n} } & -\frac{\partial} {\partial x_{2n}} & -\frac{\partial} {\partial x_{3n}} &\cdots & 0 \end{vmatrix}.$

Then

$\det(XD+(n-i)\delta_{ij}) = \det(X) \det(D). \,$

The Caracciolo–Sportiello–Sokal identity for Manin matrices

Consider two matrices M and Y over some associative ring which satisfy the following condition

$[M_{ij}, Y_{kl}]= -\delta_{jk} Q_{il} ~~~~~$

for some elements Q_il. Or ”in words”: elements in j-th column of M commute with elements in k-th row of Y unless j = k, and in this case commutator of the elements M_ik and Y_kl depends only on i, l, but does not depend on k.

Assume that M is a Manin matrix (the simplest example is the matrix with commuting elements).

Then for the square matrix case

$\det(MY+ Q \,\mathrm{diag}(n-1, n-2, \dots , 1,0) ) = \det(M) \det(Y). ~~~~~~~$

Here Q is a matrix with elements Q_il, and diag(n − 1, n − 2, ..., 1, 0) means the diagonal matrix with the elements n − 1, n − 2, ..., 1, 0 on the diagonal.

See ^[5] proposition 1.2' formula (1.15) page 4, our Y is transpose to their B.

Obviously the original Cappeli's identity the particular case of this identity. Moreover from this identity one can see that in the original Capelli's identity one can consider elements

$\frac{\partial} {\partial x_{ij} } + f_{ij}(x_{11},\dots,x_{kl},\dots)$

for arbitrary functions f_ij and the identity still will be true.

The Mukhin–Tarasov–Varchenko identity and the Gaudin model

Statement

Consider matrices X and D as in Capelli's identity, i.e. with elements $x_{ij}$ and $\partial_{ij}$ at position (ij).

Let z be another formal variable (commuting with x). Let A and B be some matrices which elements are complex numbers.

$\det\left( \frac{\partial}{\partial_z} - A - X \frac{1}{z-B} D^t \right)$

$={\det}^\text{calculate as if all commute}_{\text{Put all }x\text{ and }z\text{ on the left, while all derivations on the right}}$

$\left( \frac{\partial}{\partial_z} - A - X \frac{1}{z-B} D^t \right)$

Here the first determinant is understood (as always) as column-determinant of a matrix with non-commutative entries. The determinant on the right is calculated as if all the elements commute, and putting all x and z on the left, while derivations on the right. (Such recipe is called a Wick ordering in the quantum mechanics).

The Gaudin quantum integrable system and Talalaev's theorem

The matrix

$L(z) = A + X \frac{1}{z-B} D^t$

is a Lax matrix for the Gaudin quantum integrable spin chain system. D. Talalaev solved the long-standing problem of the explicit solution for the full set of the quantum commuting conservation laws for the Gaudin model, discovering the following theorem.

Consider

$\det\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial_z} - L(z) \right) =\sum_{i=0}^n H_i(z) \left(\frac{\partial}{\partial_z}\right)^i.$

Then for all i,j,z,w

$[ H_i(z), H_j(w) ]= 0, ~~~~~~~~$

i.e. H_i(z) are generating functions in z for the differential operators in x which all commute. So they provide quantum commuting conservation laws for the Gaudin model.

Permanents, immanants, traces – "higher Capelli identities"

The original Capelli identity is a statement about determinants. Later, analogous identities were found for permanents, immanants and traces. Based on the combinatorial approach paper by S.G. Williamson ^[26] was one of the first results in this direction.

Turnbull's identity for permanents of antisymmetric matrices

Consider the antisymmetric matrices X and D with elements x_ij and corresponding derivations, as in the case of the HUKS identity above.

Then

$\mathrm{perm}(X^tD -(n-i)\delta_{ij}) = \mathrm{perm}^\text{Calculate as if all commute}_{\text{Put all }x\text{ on the left, with all derivations on the right}} ( X^t D).$

Let us cite:^[6] "...is stated without proof at the end of Turnbull’s paper". The authors themselves follow Turnbull – at the very end of their paper they write:

"Since the proof of this last identity is very similar to the proof of Turnbull’s symmetric analog (with a slight twist), we leave it as an instructive and pleasant exercise for the reader.".

The identity is deeply analyzed in paper .^[27]

References

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Further reading

• Capelli, Alfredo (1887), "Ueber die Zurückführung der Cayley'schen Operation Ω auf gewöhnliche Polar-Operationen", Mathematische Annalen (Berlin / Heidelberg: Springer) 29 (3): 331–338, doi:10.1007/BF01447728, ISSN 1432-1807
• Howe, Roger (1989), "Remarks on classical invariant theory", Transactions of the American Mathematical Society (American Mathematical Society) 313 (2): 539–570, doi:10.2307/2001418, ISSN 0002-9947, JSTOR 2001418, MR 0986027
• Howe, Roger; Umeda, Toru (1991), "The Capelli identity, the double commutant theorem, and multiplicity-free actions", Mathematische Annalen 290 (1): 565–619, doi:10.1007/BF01459261
• Umeda, Tôru (1998), "The Capelli identities, a century after", Selected papers on harmonic analysis, groups, and invariants, Amer. Math. Soc. Transl. Ser. 2 183, Providence, R.I.: Amer. Math. Soc., pp. 51–78, ISBN 978-0-8218-0840-5, MR 1615137
• Weyl, Hermann (1946), The Classical Groups: Their Invariants and Representations, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-05756-9, MR 0000255, retrieved 03/2007/26 Check date values in: |access-date= (help)