Carat (mass)

The carat (ct) is a unit of mass equal to 200 mg (0.2 g; 0.007055 oz) and is used for measuring gemstones and pearls. The current definition, sometimes known as the metric carat, was adopted in 1907 at the Fourth General Conference on Weights and Measures,^[1] and soon afterwards in many countries around the world.^[2] The carat is divisible into one hundred points of two milligrams each. Other subdivisions, and slightly different mass values, have been used in the past in different locations.

In terms of diamonds, a paragon is a flawless stone of at least 100 carats (20 g).^[3]

The ANSI X.12 EDI standard abbreviation for the carat is CD.^[4]

Etymology

First attested in English in the mid-15th century, the word carat came from Italian carato, which came from Greek kerátion (κεράτιον) meaning carob seed (literally "small horn") and potentially from Arabic qīrāṭ (قيراط).^[5][6][7] (diminutive of - keras, "horn"^[8]) and was a unit of weight^[9] though it was not likely used to measure gold in classical times.^[5] The Latin word for carat is siliqua. This common belief that carat derives from carob seeds stems from the assumption that the seeds had unusually low variability in mass.

However, one group of researchers has found that carob seeds in fact have typical variability compared to the seeds of other species.^[10]

This was not the only reason. It is said that, to keep regional buyers and sellers of gold honest, potential customers could retrieve their own carob seeds on their way to the market, to check the tolerances of the seeds used by the merchant. If this precaution was not taken, the potential customers would be at the mercy of "2 sets of carob seeds". One set of "heavier" carob seeds would be used when buying from a customer (making the seller's gold appear to be less). Another, lighter set of carob seeds would be used when the merchant wanted to sell to a customer.

In the past, each country had its own carat. It was often used for weighing gold. Starting in the 1570s, it was used to measure weights of diamonds.^[5]

Historical definitions

Carat before 1907^[11]

Location	mg
Cyprus	187
unknown	188.6
Brazil	192.2
Egypt	195
Ambonia	197
Florence	197.2
International carat   Batavia, Borneo, Leipzig	205
South Africa (1)	205.304
London-New York (1)	205.303
Spain	205.393
London-New York (2)	205.409
Berlin	205.44
Paris, East India	205.5
South Africa (2)	205.649
Amsterdam	205.7
Lisbon	205.75
Frankfurt (on Main)	205.77
Vienna	206.13
Venice	207
Madras	207.353
unknown	213
Bucharest	215
Livorno	215.99

UK Board of Trade

In the United Kingdom the original Board of Trade carat was exactly 3 ¹⁶⁴⁷⁄₉₆₉₁ grains (~3.170 gr);^[12] in 1888, the Board of Trade carat was changed to exactly 3 ¹⁷⁄₁₀₁ grains (~3.168 gr).^[13] Despite its being a non-metric unit, a number of metric countries have used this unit for its limited range of application.

The Board of Trade carat was divisible into four diamond grains,^[14] but measurements were typically made in multiples of  ¹⁄₆₄ carat.

Refiners' carats

There were also two varieties of refiners' carats once used in the United Kingdom — the pound carat and the ounce carat.^[15] The pound troy was divisible into 24 pound carats of 240 grains troy each; the pound carat was divisible into four pound grains of 60 grains troy each; and the pound grain was divisible into four pound quarters of 15 grains troy each. Likewise, the ounce troy was divisible into 24 ounce carats of 20 grains troy each; the ounce carat was divisible into four ounce grains of 5 grains troy each; and the ounce grain was divisible into four ounce quarters of 1 ¹⁄₄ grains troy each.^[16]

Greco-Roman

The solidus was also a Roman weight unit. There is literary evidence that the weight of 72 coins of the type called solidus was exactly 1 Roman pound, and that the weight of 1 solidus was 24 siliquae. The weight of a Roman pound is generally believed to have been 327.45 g or possibly up to 5 g less. Therefore, the metric equivalent of 1 siliqua was approximately 189 mg. The Greeks had a similar unit of the same value.^[17]

Gold fineness in carats comes from carats and grains of gold in a solidus of coin. One solidus = 24 carats, 1 carat = 4 grains, is preserved right up to this day. Woolhouse's Measures, Weights and Moneys of all Nations^[18] gives gold fineness in carats of 4 grains, and silver in (pound) of 12 ounces each 20 dwt.

Notes

1. American Association for the Advancement of Science (1908). Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. p. 144. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
2. The United States adopted the metric carat definition on July 1, 1913, the United Kingdom on 1 April 1914.
3. American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2013.
4. State of Connecticut, Dept. of Admin. Services
5. Harper, Douglas. "carat". Online Etymology Dictionary.
6. κεράτιον, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
7. Walter W. Skeat (1888), An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language
8. κέρας, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
9. carat, Oxford Dictionaries
10. Turnbull, L. A.; Santamaria, L.; Martorell, T.; Rallo, J.; Hector, A. (2006). "Seed size variability: From carob to carats". Biology Letters 2 (3): 397–400. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0476. PMC 1686184. PMID 17148413.
11. Zhengzhang, Tao (July 1991). "On the origin of the carat as the unit of weight for gemstones". Chinese Journal of Geochemistry (Science in China Press) 10 (3): 288–293. doi:10.1007/BF02843332. ISSN 1993-0364.
12. The pre-1888 Board of Trade carat, of which there were exactly 151 ²⁷⁄₆₄ per ounce troy, was approximately 205.4094 mg.
13. The post-1887 Board of Trade carat, of which there were exactly 151 ¹⁄₂; per ounce troy, was approximately 205.3035 mg.
14. Unlike the modern carat, the Board of Trade carat was not used for measuring pearls; those were measured with pearl grains.
15. The refiners’ carats were the offspring of the carat as a measure of fineness for gold.
16. Chaffers, William. 1883. Hall Marks on Gold and Silver Plate. 6th edition. London: Bickers & Son.
17. Grierson, Philip (1960). "The Monetary Reforms of'Abd Al-Malik". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 3 (3): 241–264. doi:10.1163/156852060X00098.
18. Woolhouse, W.S.B. Measures, Weights and Moneys of all Nations 1891