Domenico Capranica

Domenico Capranica. Detail of a painting by Pinturicchio.

Coat of Arms of Cardinal Domenico Capranica

Domenico Capranica (1400 – 14 July 1458) was an Italian theologian, canonist, statesman, and Cardinal.

Cardinal Capranica was born in Capranica Prenestina. His younger brother Angelo also became a cardinal. After studies in canon and civil law at Padua and Bologna, under teachers probably including Giuliano Cesarini, he received the title of Doctor of Both Laws at the age of twenty-one. Soon he became secretary to Pope Martin V, and Apostolic prothonotary, and in 1423 or 1426 was made cardinal by this pope, though his nomination was not published in a secret consistory until 1430.^[1]

Capranica had earned this rapid promotion by various political and military services, notable by his administration of Imola and Forlì and by his successful reduction of rebellious Bologna. In the meantime he had become Bishop of Fermo, but for some reason did not go to Rome for the public ceremonies at which he was to be made cardinal. Despite his protest, and their previous agreement with Martin V, the cardinals of the conclave that followed the latter's death (1431) refused to recognize Capranica's nomination, and the new pope, Pope Eugene IV, sustained their decision on the ground that the delivery of the hat and assignment of the title were necessary for the validity of a cardinal's nomination.

Capranica, having already suffered severe losses at Rome through the enmity of the Orsini, took refuge first with Filippo Maria Visconti of Milan and later appealed (1432) to the Council of Basle for recognition of his title. Among his entourage when he left for Basel was Enea Silvio Piccolomini, the future Pope Pius II. The Basel assembly recognized Capranica's promotion, but to punish him for adhering to the council Eugene IV deprived him of all honors and dignities, also of his possessions. Capranica sought a reconciliation with the pope at Florence (30 April 1434). Eugene restored to him his offices and goods, assigned to him the cardinal's church of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, and sent him to the Council at Ferrara with a special commission to treat with the Greek bishops and theologians concerning the reunion of the Churches.

Cardinal Capranica executed twelve responsible embassies for the Apostolic See, and was named Grand Penitentiary (1449) and Archpriest of the Lateran.

Capranica was one of the most earnest reformers in the Roman Church. He inaugurated the restoration of primitive fervor among the Cistercians of Tuscany, and drew up for Pope Nicholas V, in 1449, a model plan of a general religious reform.^[2] He was stern and severe in character, and in the duties of his office open and free of speech, also quite fearless. He insisted on a personal examination of the votes cast for Nicholas V, whose election greatly surprised him, and remonstrated vigorously with Pope Callixtus III for his nepotism, especially in the nomination of Don Pedro Luis Borgia as Vicar (governor) of Spoleto.

Capranica was eminent as a peacemaker, notable at Genoa, where he healed grievous municipal dissensions, and again between the Apostolic See and King Alfonso V of Aragon and the princes of Germany. During the plague of 1456 he remained at Rome. He took a very prominent part in all the negotiations for a crusade against the Turks in the hope of restoring Constantinople to the Palæologi.

He is now best known as the founder of the Almo Collegio Capranica, which he opened in his own palace (the oldest Roman monument of the early Renaissance) for thirty-one poor scholars, sixteen in theology and the liberal arts, and fifteen in canon law. Its constitutions, drawn up by himself,^[3] are praised as a model of their kind. The college itself is the oldest of the Roman colleges and therefore rejoices in the peculiar title of "Almo Collegio". His manuscript library passed to the college.^[4] In 1460 his brother Cardinal Angelo Capranica erected nearby a special building for the college.^[5]

Cardinal Capranica left all his property to ecclesiastical uses, saying: "The Church gave it to me; I give it back, for I am not its master, but its steward. I should indeed have reaped but little profit from the nights spent in studying ecclesiastical discipline if I were to leave to my relatives the goods of the Church which belong to the poor") The cardinal died a few weeks before Pope Callixtus. At his death the Milanese ambassador wrote home that "the wisest, the most perfect, the most learned, and the holiest prelate whom the Church has in our days possessed is gone from us". He added that the cardinal was universally considered as the next pope. Pastor himself says that of all the cardinals of the Renaissance Age none but Niccolò Albergati, Cesarini, and Juan Carvajal can be compared with him. He lies buried in a chapel at Santa Maria sopra Minerva in Rome, near St. Catherine of Siena.

He supposedly wrote an opusculum known as "The Art of Dying Well" (1487).^[6] He is said by Mansi to have written a history of that council, never printed.^[7] The cardinal actually compiled a systematic collection of Basel's documents, which is found only in manuscript form.

Notes

1.  Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Domenico Capranica". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2. Pastor, Geschischte des Päpste, I, 394-96; Antonio G. Luciani, “Il Cardinal Capranica ed un progetto di riforma ecclesiastica,” Res publica litterarum 5, no. 1 (1982), pp. 161-167.
3. Rome, 1705, 1879.
4. A. V. Antonovics, “The library of Cardinal Domenico Capranica,” in Cultural Aspects of the Italian Renaissance: Essays in honour of Paul Oskar Kristeller, ed. Cecil H. Clough, Manchester/New York: Manchester University Press, 1967, pp. 141-159.
5. Denifle, Die Universitäten, I, 317 sqq.
6. Capranica's authorship has been questioned, see Antonio G. Luciani,"Minoranze significative nella Biblioteca del Cardinale Domenico Capranica", in Scrittura. biblioteche e stampa a Roma nel Quattrocento (Vatican City,1980),p.169 n.8.
7. Gaetano Moroni, "Capranica Domenico". In: Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica, Venezia: Tipografia Emiliana, 1841, Vol. IX, p. 214-16 ()

References

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "^{article name needed}". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton.

M. Morpurgo-Castelnuovo, “Il Cardinal Domenico Capranica,” Archivio (Società romana di storia patria), 52, (1929), pp. 1–142.