Carmen de Burgos

Carmen de Burgos
Portrait by Julio Romero de Torres in 1917

Carmen de Burgos y Seguí (pseudonyms, Colombine, Gabriel Luna, Perico el de los Palotes, Raquel, Honorine and Marianela; December 10, 1867 – October 9, 1932) was a Spanish journalist, writer, translator and women's rights activist. Johnson describes her as a "modern" if not "modernist" writer.[1]

Life

She was born in 1867 in Almeria to a middle-class family where her father owned a gold mine. Her father, José de Burgos Cañizares, and her uncle Ferdinand were in charge of the vice-consulate of Portugal in Almeria. Her mother, Nicosia Segui Nieto, had come to the marriage with a substantial inheritance.[2] She escaped this family when she met Arturo Asterz Bustos. He was fifteen years older than her, he was a poet and a writer and he was an alcoholic. Her new husband earnt money as a typesetter on the family's newspaper but she soon found out that this was her job. She and Arturo were unhappily married for 17 years creating four children of whom only one survived.[3] In 1898 her baby son died and she enrolled at the local teacher training college. He advancement was rapid, within a year she was qualified to teach primary, by 1898 she could teach secondary and by 1900 she was qualified to teach teachers. Armed with these qualifications she could anticipate employment for life. She and her remaining daughter left her abusive and unfaithful husband and they set up their own house in Guadalajara where her first book was written.[4] During this time she had learnt how to write for a living, she had earned her independence and she had developed a contempt for the institution of marriage.[3] Burgos regarded herself as a feminist but her gender meant that her writings were not included when evaluations were made of Spanish (male) modernism.

However Burgos was nominally creating a number of novels for the "weekly novel" market that was popular at the start of the twentieth century. Burgos's novels however dealt with legal and political themes. Her novels dealt with taboo subjects including male and female homosexuality and transvestism. She highlighted the dual values applied that blamed women who were adulterers whereas men's involvement was forgiven. Women were given responsibility for illegitimate children and the law overlooked the abuse that some women found within their marriages.[5] It has been noted that Burgos raised controversial subjects concerning gender, the law and rights but her writing did not offer a solution.[3] She exposed to the readers the disparity between traditional values of female education and modern life.[5] Burgos however exposed difficult issues as a dramatic event and in 1904 she had led a campaign to improve the availability of divorce.[3]

Recognition

In 1906, Burgos became the first professional journalist in Spain in the capacity as editor of Madrid's Diario Universal.[6] She served as the first president of the International League of Iberian and Latin American Women (Liga Internacional de Mujeres Ibéricas e Hispanoamericanas).[6] During the period of General Franco Burgos was written out of the history books in Spain.[2] Following the restoration of democracy she was again recognised and replaced into the history of women's rights in Spain.[2]

Selected works

Essays and other works
  • Ensayos literarios, 1900.
  • Álbum artístico literario del siglo XX, 1901.
  • Notas del alma, 1901, (colección de coplas populares)
  • El divorcio en España, 1904.
  • La mujer en España, 1906.
  • Por Europa, 1906
  • La voz de los muertos, 1911
  • Leopardi, 1911
  • Misión social de la mujer, 1911
  • Cartas sin destinatario, 1912
  • Al balcón, 1913
  • Impresiones de Argentina, 1914
  • Confidencias de artistas, 1916
  • Peregrinaciones, 1917
  • Mis viajes por Europa, 1917
  • Fígaro, 1919
  • La Emperatriz Eugenia, 1920
  • Hablando con los descendientes, 1929
  • Gloriosa vida y desdichada muerte de D. Rafael del Riego, 1931.
  • Amadís de Gaula, s.a.

Novels

  • Los inadaptados, 1909
  • La rampa, 1917
  • El último contrabandista, 1918
  • Los anticuarios, 1919
  • El retorno, 1922
  • La malcasada, 1923.
  • Los espirituados, 1923.
  • La mujer fantástica, 1924.[7]
  • El tío de todos, 1925.
  • Quiero vivir mi vida, 1931.
  • Los anticuarios.[8]

Short stories

  • Ensayos literarios, 1900.
  • Alucinación, 1905
  • El anhelo
  • El abogado
  • El artículo 438
  • Cuentos: El tesoro del castillo
  • Cuentos de Colombine
  • En la guerra
  • Honor de familia

Translations'

  • Historia de mi vida (muda, sorda y ciega), 1904
  • La guerra ruso-japonesa, 1904.
  • La inferioridad mental de la mujer, 1904.
  • Loca por razón de Estado, 1904.
  • Los Evangelios y la segunda generación cristiana, 1904
  • La Iglesia cristiana, 1905
  • Diez y seis años en Siberia, 1906.
  • En el mundo de las mujeres, 1906.
  • El rey sin corona, 1908.
  • La conquista de un Imperio, 1911.
  • Los misterios de la india, 1911.
  • La corona de olivo silvestre, 1911-1913.
  • Fisiología del placer, 1913.
  • Las mañanas en Florencia, 1913
  • Las piedras de Venecia, 1913.
  • Las siete lámparas de la arquitectura, 1913.
  • Los pintores modernos. El paisaje, 1913.
  • Cuentos a Maxa, 1914.
  • El reposo de San Marcos. Historia de Venecia, 1915.
  • La Biblia de Amiens, 1916.
  • La decisión, 1917.
  • Una idea de parisiense por página, 1917.
  • La perseverancia, 1919.
  • Defnis y Cloe, 1910.
  • Los últimos filibusteros, 1913.
  • La princesa muda, s.a.
  • El tío Geromo (Crainqueville).
  • Cuentistas italianos.

References

  1. ↑ Johnson, Roberta (2001). "Carmen de Burgos and Spanish Modernism". South Central Review. Spain Modern and Postmodern at the Millenium 18 (1/2): 66–77.
  2. 1 2 3 Carmen der Burgos "La Columbine", turismodealmeria.org, retrieved 29 March 2015
  3. 1 2 3 4 Louis, Anja (2005). Women and the law: Carmen de Burgos, an early feminist. Woodbridge: Támesis. p. 4. ISBN 1855661217.
  4. ↑ Davies, Catherine (2000). Spanish Women's Writings. pp. 117–119. ISBN 0567559580.
  5. 1 2 Turner, ed. by Harriet (2003). The Cambridge companion to the Spanish novel from 1600 to the present ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 160. ISBN 0521778158.
  6. 1 2 Smith, Bonnie G. (2008). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Oxford University Press. p. 601. ISBN 978-0-19-514890-9.
  7. ↑ Texto de La mujer fantástica en la BNE
  8. ↑ Texto de Los anticuarios en BNE

Bibliography

External links

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