Carol (music)

For "chorale" (a group of singers) and "choral music", see Choir.
"Carols" redirects here. For the Ayumi Hamasaki song, see Carols (song).

A carol is in modern parlance a festive song, generally religious but not necessarily connected with church worship, and often with a dance-like or popular character.

Today the carol is represented almost exclusively by the Christmas carol, the Advent carol, and to a much lesser extent by the Easter carol; however, despite their present association with religion, this has not always been the case.

History
Coventry Carol
The Coventry Carol, performed by the U.S. Army Band Chorus
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The word carol is derived from the Old French word carole, a circle dance accompanied by singers (in turn derived from the Latin choraula). Carols were very popular as dance songs from the 1150s to the 1350s, after which their use expanded as processional songs sung during festivals, while others were written to accompany religious mystery plays (such as the Coventry Carol, written before 1534).[1]

Carols were traditionally sung in Latin by clergy of the Catholic church. Following the Protestant Reformation, reformers believed that carols were for everyone to sing, and aimed at bringing music "back to the people". To enable the common person to sing church music, great efforts were made to translate musical texts from Latin into the native languages that people spoke. At the same time, the Protestant church fought diligently to reduce the stranglehold that the clergy at the Catholic church had on sacred music, as far as banning their involvement within Protestant cultures.[2] Composers such as William Byrd composed motet-like works for Christmas that they termed carols; and folk-carols continued to be sung in rural areas. Nonetheless, some famous carols were written in this period, and they were more strongly revived from the nineteenth century and began to be written and adapted by eminent composers.[3]

Modern carols

In modern times, songs that may once have been regarded as carols are now classified as songs (especially Christmas songs), even those that retain the traditional attributes of a carol – celebrating a seasonal topic, alternating verses and chorus, and danceable music.

Some writers of carols, such as George Ratcliffe Woodward who wrote "Ding Dong Merrily on High" and William Morris who wrote "Masters in This Hall", reverted to a quasi-mediaeval style; this became a feature of the early twentieth century revival in Christmas Carols.

Some composers have written extended works based on carols. Examples include Benjamin Britten (A Ceremony of Carols), Ralph Vaughan Williams (Fantasia on Christmas Carols) and Victor Hely-Hutchinson (Carol Symphony).

In December 1988, singer Chris Rea released "Driving Home for Christmas" as a single, but was surprised by how many people referred to it as a carol.[4] During an interview on Today on BBC Radio 4 in 2009, he was asked "Did you think of it as a carol?" and his reply was "At the point in time I didn't, but it's a car version of a carol". He and the Rev. Dr Ian Bradley went on to discuss what constitutes a carol in the modern sense.

Notes

  1. ↑ W. J. Phillips, Carols; Their Origin, Music, and Connection with Mystery-Plays (Routledge, 1921, Read Books, 2008), p. 24.
  2. ↑ http://www.museeprotestant.org/en/notice/protestant-music/
  3. ↑ W. E. Studwell, The Christmas Carol Reader (Philadelphia, PA: Haworth Press, 1995), p. 3.
  4. ↑ "Today: Wednesday 16th December". Today. United Kingdom: BBC News. 2009-12-16. Archived from the original on 2012-12-23. Retrieved 2012-12-23. When does a carol become a carol? The singer Chris Rea has been surprised by how many people have referred to his song "Driving Home for Christmas" as a carol. Mr Rea and Reverend Dr Ian Bradley, author of books about carols and hymns, define a carol.

Bibliography

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Carol.

Important anthologies of carols include:

See also

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