River carpsucker

River carpsucker
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Cypriniformes
Family:	Catostomidae
Genus:	Carpiodes
Species:	C. carpio
Binomial name
Carpiodes carpio (Rafinesque, 1820)

The river carpsucker (Carpiodes carpio) is a freshwater fish found in the eastern United States. This species has a slightly arched back and is somewhat stout and compressed. While the fins are usually opaque, in older fish they may be dark yellow. It is distributed along the Mississippi River basin from Pennsylvania to Montana. The river carpsucker, like other suckers, is a bottom feeder and obtains its nutrients from algae, microcrustaceans, and other various tiny planktonic plants and animals found in silty substrates. The river carpsucker typically lives about two to four years, but may survive for up to 10 years. It begins to reproduce typically in late spring, and the female usually releases more than 100,000 eggs; it reaches sexual maturity around two or three years old. After releasing and fertilizing their eggs, all parental care is ended.

Appearance and anatomy

The physical appearance of the river carpsucker is fairly distinctive. It is stout, with a somewhat compressed and arched back. The area around its dorsal fin is olive-brown before it fades to silver, with a white belly. In the young, the fins are usually opaque, while in the old, their fins are a dark yellow.^[1] The lower lip is projected in a similar fashion to a nipple at the midpoint, and big scales cover its whole body. It also has a distinctive 18 caudal fin rays.^[2] The species is frequently confused with non-native species, such as the various Asian carp species.

Distribution

The river carpsucker has historically occupied the Mississippi River basin from Pennsylvania to Montana. It also currently occupies the Gulf Slope Drainage from the Calcasieu River to the Rio Grande in Texas, Louisiana, and New Mexico. It was introduced to Lake Erie and the lower Maumee River, Ohio. It was supposedly deliberately introduced with a shipment of buffalo fish as a game species, and they are currently used in sport fishing.^[3] The effects of its introduction have not been studied, so are not well known. However, failure to find more river carpsuckers in the lower Maumee River suggests this species never took hold in this area.^[3] In the spring, they migrate upstream as the water temperatures begin to rise, and then move back downstream after spawning. They have been known to travel distances of up to 10 kilometers (6.2 mi).^[4]

Ecology

The river carpsucker is classified as a suction, or filter feeder, which means it typically eats algae and small planktonic animals and plants.^[5] They get their nutrients from filtering silt and detritus. As a bottom-feeder, it does not have very much competition, so its main worry is predation. It is typically preyed on by larger carnivorous fish such as northern pike, muskellunge, walleye, and largemouth bass, but only in its juvenile stage. Their largest predators are humans, although some larger birds, such as great blue herons, have been known to eat them. They can be found in large rivers and reservoirs, with sand or silt bottoms in slower-moving currents.^[6] The young typically are found in small streams, or tributaries. They are more abundant in areas with slower water velocity and moderate temperatures.

Lifecycle

Male river carpsuckers reaches reproductive maturity at age two to three, while females reach sexual maturity at age three to four. During breeding season, small tubercles can be observed on the body of the male. Reproduction typically occurs during late spring, in large spawning groups.^[7] The female can spawn more than once per year, and usually releases more than 100,000 eggs. The eggs are typically adhesive and demersal with a diameter of about 1.7 to 2.1 millimeters (0.067 to 0.083 in), and they typically hatch within eight to 15 days. To spawn, the temperature of the water must be 18.3 to 19.1 °C (64.9 to 66.4 °F), and spawning ends around the beginning of summer when water temperatures begin to rise. They exhibit no parental care; instead, they broadcast their eggs onto the sand and then leave them. Their lifespans are typically about two to four years, but individuals have lived up to the age of ten. They are schooling fish and will often be found in large groups.

Management

The river carpsucker currently has no established management plans, but is frequently caught by commercial fisherman for food, though they are not officially considered a game species.^[8] However, they are in large abundance in a few areas in their range. They are very plentiful in Elephant Butte Reservoir and Caballo Lake in New Mexico.^[1] They also can be affected by humans; their population begins reducing rapidly with the introduction of toxins into their habitat.

References

1. BioKIDS. "Carpiodes Carpio". 2011.
2. Morris, JE., Quist, MC., and Spiegel, JR. 2010. Precision of Scales and Pectoral Fin Rays for Estimating Age of Highfin Carpsucker, Quillback Carpsucker, and River Carpsucker. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 25:271-278
3. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. Carpiodes carpio. 2011. http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=341
4. Texas Freshwater Fishes. Carpiodes carpio. 2011. http://www.bio.txstate.edu/~tbonner/txfishes/carpiodes%20carpio.htm
5. Bart, H.L., Chen, H.M., Chen, Y.X., Huang, S.Q. 2010. Joint Feature Selection and Classification for Taxonomic Problems Within Fish Species Complexes. Pattern Analysis and Applications. 13:23-34.
6. Beugly, J., Pyron, M. 2010. Temporal and Spatial Variation in the Long-Term Functional Organization of Fish Assemblages in a Large River. Hydrobiologia. 654: 215-226.
7. Chang, M.M., Liu, S.Y., Sun, Y.H., Treer, T., Wang, W.M., Xie, C.X. 2007. The Genetic Variation and Biogeography of Catostomid Fishes Based on Mitochondrial and Nucleic DNA Sequences. Journal of Fish Biology. 70:291-309.
8. Animal Diversity Web. Carpiodes carpio. 2008. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Carpiodes_carpio.html