Coprecipitation

In chemistry, coprecipitation (CPT) or co-precipitation is the carrying down by a precipitate of substances normally soluble under the conditions employed.[1] Analogously, in medicine, coprecipitation is specifically the precipitation of an unbound "antigen along with an antigen-antibody complex".[2]

Coprecipitation is an important issue in chemical analysis, where it is often undesirable, but in some cases it can be exploited. In gravimetric analysis, which consists on precipitating the analyte and measuring its mass to determine its concentration or purity, coprecipitation is a problem because undesired impurities often coprecipitate with the analyte, resulting in excess mass. This problem can often be mitigated by "digestion" (waiting for the precipitate to equilibrate and form larger, purer particles) or by redissolving the sample and precipitating it again.[3]

Typical co-precipitation method for micro and nano particle synthesis

On the other hand, in the analysis of trace elements, as is often the case in radiochemistry, coprecipitation is often the only way of separating an element. Since the trace element is too dilute (sometimes less than a part per trillion) to precipitate by conventional means, it is typically coprecipitated with a carrier, a substance that has a similar crystalline structure that can incorporate the desired element. An example is the separation of francium from other radioactive elements by coprecipitating it with caesium salts such as caesium perchlorate. Otto Hahn is credited for promoting the use of coprecipitation in radiochemistry.

There are three main mechanisms of coprecipitation: inclusion, occlusion, and adsorption.[3] An inclusion occurs when the impurity occupies a lattice site in the crystal structure of the carrier, resulting in a crystallographic defect; this can happen when the ionic radius and charge of the impurity are similar to those of the carrier. An adsorbate is an impurity that is weakly bound (adsorbed) to the surface of the precipitate. An occlusion occurs when an adsorbed impurity gets physically trapped inside the crystal as it grows.

Besides its applications in chemical analysis and in radiochemistry, coprecipitation is also "potentially important to many environmental issues closely related to water resources, including acid mine drainage, radionuclide migration in fouled waste repositories, metal contaminant transport at industrial and defense sites, metal concentrations in aquatic systems, and wastewater treatment technology".[4]

Coprecipitation is also used as a method of magnetic nanoparticle synthesis.[5]

Distribution between precipitate and solution

There are two models describing of the distribution of the tracer compound between the two phases (the precipitate and the solution):[6][7]

\ln{a \over {a-x}} = \lambda \ln{ b \over {b-y}}
{x \over {a-x}} = D {y \over {b-y}}

where:

a and b are the initial concentrations of the tracer and carrier, respectively;
a-x and b-y are the concentrations of tracer and carrier after separation;
x and y are the amounts of the tracer and carrier on the precipitate;
D and λ are the distribution coefficients.

For D and λ greater than unity, the precipitate is enriched in the tracer.

Depending on the co-precipitation system and conditions either λ or D may be constant.

The derivation of the Doerner-Hoskins law assumes that there in no mass exchange between the interior of the precipitating crystals and the solution. When this assumption is fulfilled, then the content of the tracer in the crystal is non-uniform (the crystals are said to be heterogeneous). When the Berthelot-Nernst law applies, then the concentration of the tracer in the interior of the crystal is uniform (and the crystals are said to be homogeneous). This is the case when diffusion in the interior is possible (like in the liquids) or when the initial small crystals are allowed to recrystalize. Kinetic effects (like speed of crystallization and presence of mixing) play a role.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Patnaik, P. Dean's Analytical Chemistry Handbook, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, 2004.
  2. ↑ http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?coprecipitation. Accessed 5/9/07.
  3. 1 2 Harvey, D. Modern Analytical Chemistry. McGraw-Hill, 2000.
  4. ↑ http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EAE03/06552/EAE03-J-06552-1.pdf . Accessed May 10, 2007.
  5. ↑ A.-H. Lu, E. L. Salabas and F. Schüth, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2007, 46,1222–1244
  6. ↑ Otto Hahn, "Applied Radiochemistry", Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA, 1936.
  7. ↑ ALAN TOWNSHEND and EWALD JACKWERTH, "PRECIPITATION OF MAJOR CONSTITUENTS FOR TRACE PRECONCENTRATION : POTENTIAL AND PROBLEMS", Pure & App. Chem., Vol.61, No.9, pp. 1643-1656, 1989., (pdf)
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