Carroll Izard

Carroll Ellis Izard (born October 8, 1923) is an American research psychologist[1][2][3] known for his contributions to Differential Emotions Theory (DET),[4][5] and the Maximally Discriminative Affect Coding System (MAX).[6] Differential Emotions Theory maintains that universally recognizable innate, basic emotions emerge within the first 2 to 7 months of post-natal life "without facial movement precursors",[7] and argues for congruence of emotional expression and subjective experience.[8] Izard also undertook empirical studies into the Facial feedback hypothesis according to which emotions which have different functions also cause facial expressions which in turn provide us with cues about what emotion a person is feeling.

In addition, Izard constructed a multidimensional self-report measure - the Differential Emotions Scale - currently in its 4th edition (DES-IV) that purports to measure 12 fundamental emotions universally discernible in the facial expressions of infants. The 12 subscales are labeled: Interest, Joy, Surprise, Sadness, Anger, Disgust, Contempt, Self-Hostility, Fear, Shame, Shyness, and Guilt. The DES-IV has been used extensively in both research and practice.[9][10]

Career

Chronologically, Izard's career was at Syracuse University, Vanderbilt University, and finally the University of Delaware. A festschrift was held at the University of Delaware in October 2012 to celebrate Izard's lifelong contributions to the understanding of human emotional development.[11]

Books

Selected chapters

Selected articles

See also

References

  1. American Psychological Association Directory (1968). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  2. Carrol E. Izard, Unidel Professor of Psychology, McKinly Lab., University of Delaware. [Retrieved 22 October, 2015]
  3. $2.7 million grant from the National Institute of Mental Health to evaluate Head Start program. [Retrieved 22 October, 2015]
  4. Siegler, R. (2006). How Children Develop, Exploring Child Develop Student Media Tool Kit & Scientific American Reader to Accompany How Children Develop. New York: Worth Publishers. ISBN 0-7167-6113-0.
  5. Cicchetti, D. (2015). Reflections on Carroll Izard's contributions: Influences on diverse scientific disciplines and personal reflections. Emotion Review, 7(2), 104-109. doi: 10.1177/1754073914554781
  6. Izard, C.E., (1979). The Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Coding System (MAX). Newark, DE: University of Delaware Instructional Resource Center.
  7. Izard, C. E. et al. (1995). The ontogeny and significance of infants’ facial expressions in the first 9 months of life. Developmental Psychology, 31, 997–1013.
  8. Izard, C. E. & Abe, J. A. (2004). Developmental changes in facial expressions of emotions in the strange situation during the second year of life. Emotion, 4(3), 251-265.
  9. Boyle, G. J. (1984). Reliability and validity of Izard's Differential Emotions Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 5, 747-750.
  10. Boyle, G. J., Helmes, E., Matthews, G., & Izard, C. E. (2015). Multidimensional measures of affects: Emotions and mood states (pp. 190-224). In Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Constructs. Elsevier/Academic Press, 2015. ISBN 978-0-12-386915-9
  11. Festschrift for Carroll E. Izard, University of Delaware, 22 October, 2012. [Retrieved 22 October, 2015]

Sources

External links

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