Cartan subalgebra

In mathematics, a Cartan subalgebra, often abbreviated as CSA, is a nilpotent subalgebra \mathfrak{h} of a Lie algebra \mathfrak{g} that is self-normalising (if [X,Y] \in \mathfrak{h} for all X \in \mathfrak{h}, then Y \in \mathfrak{h}). They were introduced by Élie Cartan in his doctoral thesis.

Existence and uniqueness

Cartan subalgebras exist for finite-dimensional Lie algebras whenever the base field is infinite. If the field is algebraically closed of characteristic 0 and the algebra is finite-dimensional then all Cartan subalgebras are conjugate under automorphisms of the Lie algebra, and in particular are all isomorphic.

Kac–Moody algebras and generalized Kac–Moody algebras also have Cartan subalgebras.

Properties

A Cartan subalgebra of a finite-dimensional semisimple Lie algebra over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0 is abelian and also has the following property of its adjoint representation: the weight eigenspaces of \mathfrak{g} restricted to \mathfrak{h} diagonalize the representation, and the eigenspace of the zero weight vector is \mathfrak{h}. (So, the centralizer of \mathfrak{h} coincides with \mathfrak{h}.) The non-zero weights are called the roots, and the corresponding eigenspaces are called root spaces, and are all 1-dimensional.

If \mathfrak{g} is a linear Lie algebra (a Lie subalgebra of the Lie algebra of endomorphisms of a finite-dimensional vector space V) over an algebraically closed field, then any Cartan subalgebra of \mathfrak{g} is the centralizer of a maximal toral Lie subalgebra of \mathfrak{g}; that is, a subalgebra consisting entirely of elements which are diagonalizable as endomorphisms of V which is maximal in the sense that it is not properly included in any other such subalgebra. If \mathfrak{g} is semisimple and the field has characteristic zero, then a maximal toral subalgebra is self-normalizing, and so is equal to the associated Cartan subalgebra. If in addition \mathfrak g is semisimple, then the adjoint representation presents \mathfrak g as a linear Lie algebra, so that a subalgebra of \mathfrak g is Cartan if and only if it is a maximal toral subalgebra. An advantage of this approach is that it is trivial to show the existence of such a subalgebra. In fact, if \mathfrak g has only nilpotent elements, then it is nilpotent (Engel's theorem), but then its Killing form is identically zero, contradicting semisimplicity. Hence, \mathfrak g must have a nonzero semisimple element.

Examples

Splitting Cartan subalgebra

Over non-algebraically closed fields, not all Cartan subalgebras are conjugate. An important class are splitting Cartan subalgebras: if a Lie algebra admits a splitting Cartan subalgebra \mathfrak{h} then it is called splittable, and the pair (\mathfrak{g},\mathfrak{h}) is called a split Lie algebra; over an algebraically closed field every semisimple Lie algebra is splittable. Any two splitting Cartan algebras are conjugate, and they fulfill a similar function to Cartan algebras in semisimple Lie algebras over algebraically closed fields, so split semisimple Lie algebras (indeed, split reductive Lie algebras) share many properties with semisimple Lie algebras over algebraically closed fields.

Over a non-algebraically closed field not every semisimple Lie algebra is splittable, however.

See also

References

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