Center for Justice and Peacebuilding

Center for Justice and Peacebuilding at Eastern Mennonite University
Type Graduate education, accredited through master’s level; also offers courses for non-credit training purposes.[1]
Established 1994-95 (within university established in 1917)[2]
Affiliation Mennonite Church USA
Director Founding director, John Paul Lederach;[3] executive director since 2013, Daryl Byler[4]
Location Harrisonburg, VA, USA
38°28′15″N 78°52′46″W / 38.470966°N 78.879519°W / 38.470966; -78.879519Coordinates: 38°28′15″N 78°52′46″W / 38.470966°N 78.879519°W / 38.470966; -78.879519
Campus 97 acres in semi-urban location of the Shenandoah Valley
Website www.emu.edu/cjp

Center for Justice and Peacebuilding (CJP) is an accredited graduate-level program founded in 1994. It also offers non-credit training. The program specializes in conflict transformation, restorative justice, trauma healing, equitable development, and addressing organizational conflict. CJP is housed at Eastern Mennonite University (EMU) in Harrisonburg, Virginia, which describes itself as "a leader among faith-based universities" in emphasizing "peacebuilding, creation care, experiential learning, and cross-cultural engagement." One of the three 2011 Nobel Peace Laureates, Leymah Gbowee of Liberia, earned a master's degree in conflict transformation from CJP in 2007.

History

The Center for Justice and Peacebuilding (CJP) is anchored in two currents within the Mennonite stream of Christianity:

  1. Its tradition of helping people suffering from violent conflict or natural calamities, regardless of their religion or ethnicity[5]
  2. Its renunciation of all forms of violence[6]

Relieving Suffering

The founding of the Center for Justice and Peacebuilding grew in part out of the work of the Mennonite Central Committee (MCC). Founded in 1920 to aid fellow Mennonites and others in Russia and the Ukraine, the organization developed a global reputation for providing assistance after natural and man-made disasters by the mid-1970s usually operating under MCC’s Mennonite Disaster Service, founded in 1950.[7][8]

Nonviolence, Peace, and Justice

By the late 1970s and early 1980s, MCC started work on establishing a better training program focusing on the peace and justice fields at a systematic level.[9][10][11] This was addressed first by founding the Office on Crime and Justice, with renown restorative justice expert Howard Zehr as its first director. This office had the goal of moving the justice system away from retributive punishments toward processes that would help heal those harmed and restore communities. Zehr began the first victim/offender conferencing program in the United States during this period.[12] Two years later, MCC founded Mennonite Conciliation Service (MCS) with Ron Kraybill as its first director. The mission of this organization was to encourage Mennonites and others to pursue peaceful resolution of conflicts. These two offices later were integrated into MCC’s Office of Justice and Peacebuilding.[13] Kraybill left MCS in 1989 to pursue a Ph.D. and was replaced by John Paul Lederach.[14] The tenure of Kraybill and Lederach overlapped a bit, allowing them opportunity to develop a shared vision for a new kind of peace studies program in the world of higher education. Kraybill later recalled those early conversations:

We wanted a good mix of academics via theory conceptualization, but with practice in the real world. I don’t think we were necessarily thinking of a master’s program, just some kind of situation where teaching and practice went together. Another strong desire was to work in a team with others for an institution where a faith-based perspective was valued. We were wary of desire for individual prestige and wanted to work in a setting where individuals were more committed to an institutional mission than to going to the highest ladder of individual success.[15]

The work of MCS in the late 1980s also coincided with the development of Christian Peacemaker Teams a joint effort by the two largest North American Mennonite denominations and the Church of the Brethren. Founded after a Mennonite World Conference keynote address by Ronald J. Sider author of the bestselling Rich Christians in an Age of Hunger (published and republished in 1977, 1997, 2005) in which he said,

We must be prepared to die by the thousands. Those who believed in peace through the sword have not hesitated to die. Proudly, courageously, they gave their lives. Again and again, they sacrificed bright futures to the tragic illusion that one more righteous crusade would bring peace in their time, and they laid down their lives by the millions. Unless we . . . are ready to start to die by the thousands in dramatic vigorous new exploits for peace and justice, we should sadly confess that we never really meant what we said, and we dare never whisper another word about pacifism to our sisters and brothers in those desperate lands filled with injustice. Unless we are ready to die developing new nonviolent attempts to reduce conflict, we should confess that we never really meant that the cross was an alternative to the sword.[16]

Founding

In 1990, Eastern Mennonite College (EMC) hired John Paul Lederach to teach sociology and international conciliation. He continued to head MCC’s conciliation work, including training MCC workers prior to their international assignments. During this time he was consulting in a number of conflicts, in the Basque region of Spain, Colombia, the Philippines, and Northern Ireland among others.[15] After an exhausting trip Lederach began talking to Mennonite opinion-leaders and conflict workers including Hizkias Assefa, Kraybill, and others about systematically educating people to do the kind of work he was doing.[15] A pair of retired educators, James and Marian Payne (both EMU alumni), stepped forward when they learned of the hope of a center devoted to peace education at EMU. They guaranteed the funds necessary to support CJP for its first year of existence, plus made CJP the beneficiary of their estate. The Paynes made an initial donation of $25,000 (by 2007, their donations totaled more than $500,000.)[17] CJP began in the fall of the 1994-95 academic year with two masters-level students: Jonathan Bartsch, an American who had studied and worked in the Middle East for almost three years and who spoke Arabic, and Jim Hershberger, an American who had spent eight years with Mennonite Central Committee in war-torn Nicaragua and was fluent in Spanish. They started their studies a year before accreditation of the program was granted. They were joined in the spring semester of 1995 by Moe Kyaw Tun, who had been involved with the resistance movement in Myanmar (Burma) before fleeing to Thailand.[18] In establishing CJP, its founders said they sought to build on the lessons learned by MCC and other Mennonites in the peace arena. Five recurring characteristics of these lessons referenced by scholars are:[19][20]

  1. Humility: Instead of playing the role of "educated professional telling social subordinates how to do things," anthropologist Sally Engle Merry wrote that Mennonites tend toward "listening, being creative and innovative, remaining vulnerable, making space for others to take control over their lives."[21]
  2. Openness to personal change: Rabbi and scholar Marc Gopin wrote: "The Mennonite intervener is prepared to go through a spiritual transformation... [I]t seems quite clear that ethical traits, such as gratitude, an eagerness to learn from others, an openness to positive change, and generosity are all critical to Mennonite conflict transformation." [22]
  3. Long-term commitment: Dr. Sally Engle Merry wrote that a distinctive feature of Mennonite-style peace work is "commitment to long-term involvement in the conflict situation. This is related to the emphasis on learning the languages and culture, on developing workshops and trainings out of local languages and practices, on building relationships and serving as bridges, all of which require an investment of time."[23]
  4. Community: The reliance on community "is a vital component of who they are and also something the field of conflict resolution in general may be able to learn from them." [24] Mennonites tend to focus most of their efforts at engaging with ordinary people at the grassroots, compared with those at the top of a social or political hierarchy.[25]
  5. Non-violent stance: As one might expect, CJP-trained people cite Jesus and Martin Luther King Jr. as role models, but they also reference such figures as Mahatma Gandhi (Hindu),[26] Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (Muslim),[27] and Thich Nhat Hanh (Buddhist).[28]

Both Sally Engle Merry, who is a Quaker, and Marc Gopin, who is Jewish, say that the Mennonites’ "brand" of Christianity appears to play a crucial role in enabling them and those they train to persist at working at deep, intractable conflicts over many years.

CJP’s niche

The 1995 directory of the Consortium on Peace Education, Research and Development listed 15 colleges and universities in the United States offering both undergraduate and graduate programs in peace studies, but these programs varied widely. Many focused on "dispute resolution," often viewed through a legal or business-management lens. Others centered on research into war, peace and security issues, often staffed and backed by people who viewed the military as an acceptable vehicle for arriving at peace, or at least for suppressing open hostilities.[29] Since its inception, CJP has been aimed at persons with cross-cultural or extensive domestic experience who were already working in conflict resolution, humanitarian assistance, development, or social justice. As urged by founding director John Paul Lederach, CJP has sought to avoid imposing North American models on conflict resolution on the rest of the world; instead it advocates strategies suggested by "cues and patterns elicited by the culture in question," preferably by people intimately connected to that culture.[30] As part of their graduation requirements, students are expected to test their new understandings through doing "reflective practice" (also called an "internship" or "practicum").[31]

CJP as of 2010-11

"Elicitive" approach & assessments

CJP engages in what it calls an "elicitive style" of teaching. A page on the EMU website describes the style in this way:

CJP uses the elicitive or participatory model of education. In this model, students are actively involved in teaching themselves and others. Participatory learning differs from the "transfer learning" found in most educational institutions where the teacher is assumed to be the holder of expert knowledge that must be transferred to the student. In participatory learning, the teacher facilitates the exchange of knowledge and experiences, enabling students and teachers to work together to deepen their understanding of the subject matter. This approach to learning fosters mutual respect and the kind of personal reflection and transformation needed for "justpeace" work.[32]

In 2009, CJP began requiring a final comprehensive exam for master's degree candidates. The exam was intended to assess these "core competencies": presentation skills; case analysis; self-management; self-care; teambuilding/role-playing; interpersonal relational skills; understanding peacebuilding theories, including conflict transformation, restorative justice and trauma healing; research and interview skills; reflective practice; cultural competency; ethical issues; social change theories; and other specific practice skills and concepts, such as principled negotiation.[33]

Summer Peacebuilding Institute

As of 2014, 2,2800 people from 120 countries had come through the Summer Peacebuilding Institute (SPI), taking courses either for credit or training purposes.[34] SPI typically offers five choices of courses lasting seven days. This comprises one session. Each SPI has four successive sessions; the first starts in early May and the last finishes in late June. This means a participant might take a maximum of four courses (out of perhaps 20 listed in the course catalog), scheduled one after another over a five-week period from May through June.[35]

Five CJP-published booklets, issued in 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011, contain portrait-photos and reflections of some of the participants in that year’s SPI. Predictably, many students comment on having learned much from their courses and fellow students. However, the SPI participants also refer to having fun. Babu Ayindo, a 1998 master’s degree graduate from Kenya who returned to teach in SPI 2011, said: "Through song, dance, poetry, and music, people are finding another language to transcend the conflicts that they are experiencing."[36]

Several notable alumni of the program have earned their degrees primarily, or exclusively through the SPI program. Nobel Peace Laureate Leymah Gbowee started formal training in peacebuilding by attending a session of SPI, as did three of her close colleagues in West Africa: Liberian Sam Gbaydee Doe, who attended in the late 1990s while earning his master's degree (’98); Nigerian Thelma Ekiyor, who attended in 2002; and Liberian Lutheran pastor Reverend "BB" Colley, who attended in 2000 and 2001.[37] Farida Aziz, the Afghan peace and women's rights activist, took three courses in SPI in 1999 and returned in 2003 for a fourth course. The eight EMU alumni from six countries of the 1,000 nominated by the Switzerland-based committee for the 2005 Nobel Peace Prize received training at EMU, predominantly through SPI.[38] Future President of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud also attended the SPI in 2001 and has emphasized the importance of the program's philosophy in his work.[39]

STAR (Strategies for Trauma Awareness and Resilience)

Strategies for Trauma Awareness and Resilience — usually called STAR — is a program that was launched at EMU in response to the events of 9/11. "STAR’s mission is to strengthen the capacity of leaders and organizations to address trauma, break cycles of violence and build resilience at the individual, community and societal levels."[40] STAR consists of a foundational five-day training seminar and STAR specialty trainings. STAR was made possible by nearly $1 million in grant money in 2002 (renewed in 2003 with another $1 million) from Church World Service to give a series of "seminars in trauma awareness and recovery" to hundreds of people from New York City following the 9/11 attacks.[41]

These seminars have gone far beyond their original NYC clientele. More than 7,000 people have taken STAR over the last decade,[42] though not always in the same format. STAR has been adapted to particular audiences. There is, for instance, a STAR for "adults who want practical skills to work with youth in addressing trauma, resolving conflict and preventing violence. It has been piloted in Palestine, Kenya, New Orleans and Northern Ireland. It is part of the curriculum in 57 high schools in Nairobi, Kenya"[43] Other variations are used for war veterans and for dealing with the continuing effects of historical harms, such as slavery.[44]

Work of alumni

As of December 2010, 360 people from 51 countries had earned a master's degree (42 to 45 semester hours) or graduate certificate (15 semester hours) in conflict transformation from CJP.[45] From January 2001 through April 2008, CJP was home to the Fulbright Foreign Student Conflict Resolution Program. Each year a cohort of eight to ten students – the cohort alternated annually between students drawn from Middle Eastern countries and those from southwest Asia – joined the master’s program in conflict transformation. Each cohort included students from groups in conflict with each other – i.e., from Israel and Palestine or from India and Pakistan.[46] They totaled 52 students over seven years.[47] In the fall of 2004, the Fulbright group represented 11 countries, including a handful that weren’t part of a cohort: Morocco, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Indonesia, Rwanda, Kenya, Uganda, Pakistan and Syria.[48]

Notable Alumni

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

In 2001, incumbent President of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud completed three of the SPI's intensive courses, studying mediation, trauma healing, and designing learner-centered trainings.[39] Mohamud would go on to found the Peace and Development Party (PDP) and co-establish the Somali Institute of Management and Administration (SIMAD).

Organizations Founded by Alumni

People who were affiliated with CJP (or SPI), as students or teachers, in earlier years have gone on to found peacebuilding organizations or programs in a dozen countries.[79]

References

  1. ↑ About CJP — Overview," http://www.emu.edu/cjp/about/. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
  2. ↑ Ruth Zimmerman and Bonnie Price Lofton, "From Dream to Reality: 10 Years of Peacebuilding," Peacebuilder Magazine, Summer/Fall 2005, p. 6.
  3. ↑ Ruth Zimmerman and Bonnie Price Lofton, "From Dream to Reality: 10 Years of Peacebuilding," Peacebuilder Magazine, Summer/Fall 2005, p. 2.
  4. ↑ "Don't strike, shame the perpetrators". Retrieved 7 September 2014.
  5. ↑ Amy Worden and David O'Reilly. "Mennonites Have Tradition of Service," The Philadelphia Inquirer, www.philly.com/inquirer/local (10 August 2010). Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  6. ↑ R. Scott Appleby, The Ambivalence of the Sacred – Religion, Violence and Reconciliation (Rowman & Littlefield, 2000), p. 144. Stuart Murray, The Naked Anabaptist – The Bare Essentials of a Radical Faith (Herald Press, 2010), pp. 117-134. Also see "Mennonites and Peace" entry in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Peace (2010).
  7. ↑ "History of MCC," http://mcc.org/about/history. Retrieved 27 January 2011.
  8. ↑ Joseph S. Miller, "History of Mennonite Peacebuilding" in From the Ground Up – Mennonite Contributions to International Peacebuilding (Oxford U. Press, 2000), edited by Cynthia Sampson and John Paul Lederach, p. 6.
  9. ↑ Harold S. Bender and Elmer Neufeld. "Mennonite Central Committee [International]." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1987. http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/M46549.html. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
  10. ↑ R. Scott Appleby, The Ambivalence of the Sacred – Religion, Violence and Reconciliation (Rowman & Littlefield, 2000), p. 144.
  11. ↑ "There was an increasing realization that cleaning up and rebuilding after a war, riot or tornado was important, but a Christian was also called to address systemic conditions that created injustice and violence. Mennonite relief workers were taught by their hosts that it was not enough for relief workers to distribute food and clothing to the starving and homeless. The starving and homeless articulated the need for more than material assistance. Mennonites were also asked to be peacemakers, to work at changing systems and institutions that caused suffering." Joseph S .Miller, "History of Mennonite Peacebuilding" in From the Ground Up – Mennonite Contributions to International Peacebuilding (Oxford U. Press, 2000), edited by Cynthia Sampson and John Paul Lederach, p. 17
  12. ↑ "Dr. Howard Zehr Presented the 2003 International Prize for Restorative Justice," http://www.restorativejustice.org/editions/2003/September/award.
  13. ↑ "Office on Justice and Peacebuilding," http://us.mcc.org/programs/peacebuilding. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
  14. ↑ "A Review, Celebration and Farewell – 23 Years of Conciliation Quarterly," a publication of MCC US Mennonite Conciliation Service, Spring 2005, Vol. 24, No. 2.
  15. 1 2 3 Ruth Zimmerman and Bonnie Lofton, "From Dream to Reality: 10 Years of Peacebuilding," Peacebuilder Magazine, Summer/Fall 2005, p. 4.
  16. ↑ "Christian Peacemaker Teams History," http://www.cpt.org/about/history. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
  17. ↑ "Best Investment We Ever Made," Crossroads Magazine, Spring 2007, pp. 18-21.
  18. ↑ "Our First Grads – What Happened to Them?" Peacebuilder Magazine, Fall/Winter 2010-11, p. 3.
  19. ↑ Marc Gopin, PhD, a rabbi ordained by Yeshiva University who directs the Center for World Religions, Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution at George Mason University, addressed this topic in "The Religious Component of Mennonite Peacemaking and Its Global Implications" in From the Ground Up: Mennonite Contributions to International Peacebuilding (Oxford University Press, 2000) edited by John Paul Lederach and Cynthia Sampson, pp. 233-255.
  20. ↑ These five are condensed from 15 attributes explored by Sally Engle Merry, PhD, formerly anthropology professor at Wellesley College, now (2011) at New York University, in "Mennonite Peacebuilding and Conflict Analysis: A Cultural Analysis" in From the Ground Up: Mennonite Contributions to International Peacebuilding (Oxford University Press, 2000) edited by John Paul Lederach and Cynthia Sampson, pp. 203-217, as well as from Rabbi Marc Gopin’s chapter in the same book, pp. 233-255.
  21. ↑ Sally Engle Merry, "Mennonite Peacebuilding and Conflict Analysis: A Cultural Analysis" in From the Ground Up: Mennonite Contributions to International Peacebuilding (Oxford University Press, 2000) edited by John Paul Lederach and Cynthia Sampson, p. 209.
  22. ↑ Bonnie Price Lofton, "You’ve Transformed Us!" Crossroads magazine, Summer 2003, pp. 16-18.
  23. ↑ Sally Engle Merry, "Mennonite Peacebuilding and Conflict Analysis: A Cultural Analysis" in From the Ground Up: Mennonite Contributions to International Peacebuilding (Oxford University Press, 2000) edited by John Paul Lederach and Cynthia Sampson, p. 210.
  24. ↑ Marc Gopin, "The Religious Component of Mennonite Peacemaking and Its Global Implications" in From the Ground Up: Mennonite Contributions to International Peacebuilding (Oxford University Press, 2000) edited by John Paul Lederach and Cynthia Sampson, pp. 241-242.
  25. ↑ Christopher Mitchell, "Approaches to Peace and Conflict Resolution" in From the Ground Up: Mennonite Contributions to International Peacebuilding (Oxford University Press, 2000) edited by John Paul Lederach and Cynthia Sampson, p. 230.
  26. ↑ John Paul Lederach, Preparing for Peace – Conflict Transformation Across Cultures (Syracuse U. Press, 1995), p. 22
  27. ↑ Ali Gohar (Fulbright Student Conflict Transformation Program Eastern Mennonite University Harrisonburg, VA, USA 2002), "Christian Peacemaker Team and Servants of GOD -- Comparative Approaches to Conflict Transformation," posted at http://www.justpeaceint.org/cptvsservant.php. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
  28. ↑ Jarem Sawatsky, a Mennonite who earned his master’s from EMU in conflict transformation in 2001 and who now (2011) co-directs the Canadian School of Peacebuilding in Winnipeg, did his doctoral dissertation in part on the cooperative community in France that is the home of Thich Nhat Hanh. See http://www.cmu.ca/facultystaff/jsawatsky.html.
  29. ↑ Ian Harris, Larry J. Fisk, and Carol Rank. "A Portrait of University Peace Studies in North America and Western Europe at the End of the Millennium." International Journal of Peace Studies. Volume 3, Number 1, 1998.
  30. ↑ R. Scott Appleby, The Ambivalence of the Sacred – Religion, Violence and Reconciliation (Rowman & Littlefield, 2000), p. 147.
  31. ↑ Ruth Zimmerman, "History of CTP" (PDF), http://www.emu.edu/cjp/about/. Retrieved 27 January 2011.
  32. ↑ "What niche does CJP fill in the field of graduate peace programs?" http://www.emu.edu/cjp/grad/unique-position/ Retrieved 26 January 2011.
  33. ↑ "Steps in Achieving the MA Degree in Conflict Transformation, 8/09," www.emu.edu/cjp/grad/grad-assessment-criteria-overview.pdf. Retrieved 27 January 2011.
  34. ↑ Jenner, Andrew. "The First and Foremost". Peacebuilder (Harrisonburg, VA: Eastern Mennonite University). Summer 2014: 3–6.
  35. ↑ "Summer Peacebuilding Institute 2012," http://www.emu.edu/cjp/pti/spi/. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
  36. ↑ "Roots, Shoots and Fruits," Eastern Mennonite University, Center for Justice and Peacebuilding (2011), p. 3.
  37. ↑ Bonnie Price Lofton, "Nobel Prize Winner Connected to Peace-Church Tradition," http://emu.edu/now/news/2011/10/nobel-prize-winner-connected-to-peace-church-tradition/. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
  38. ↑ Bishop first=Jim (8 November 2005). "Nobel Peace Prize Nominees Trained at EMU". Mennonite Weekly Review. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
  39. 1 2 3 Bonnie Price Lofton. "President of Somalia Welcomed Home as Alumnus of EMUs Summer Peacebuilding Institute". EMU. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  40. ↑ Carolyn Yoder and Elaine Zook Barge, STAR—The Unfolding Story, 2001-2011, e-book posted at http://www.emu.edu/cjp/pti/star/sept-11th-commemorative-book/. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
  41. ↑ "Grant Renewed for Trauma Program at EMU," posted on September 12th, 2003, at http://emu.edu/now/news/2003/09/grant-renewed-for-trauma-program-at-emu.
  42. ↑ Carolyn Yoder and Elaine Zook Barge, STAR—The Unfolding Story, 2001-2011, e-book posted at http://www.emu.edu/cjp/pti/star/sept-11th-commemorative-book/, p. 29. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
  43. ↑ Carolyn Yoder and Elaine Zook Barge, STAR—The Unfolding Story, 2001-2011, e-book posted at http://www.emu.edu/cjp/pti/star/sept-11th-commemorative-book/, p. 30 Retrieved 10 October 2011.
  44. ↑ "Embarking on the Journey to Trauma Healing," www.emu.edu/cjp/pti/star/. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
  45. ↑ "About CJP — Overview," http://www.emu.edu/cjp/about/.
  46. ↑ Jeff Mellott, "EMU Earns Fulbright Program," The Daily News-Record (Harrisonburg, Va.), 14 September 2004.
  47. ↑ "Leadership Shifts at CJP," http://www.emu.edu/peacebuilder/summer07/leadership.html. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
  48. ↑ Jeff Mellott, "EMU Earns Fulbright Program," The Daily News-Record, 14 September 2004.
  49. ↑ "Staff". Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  50. ↑ "Sandra Dunsmore". Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  51. ↑ "Babu Ayindo". Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  52. 1 2 Lynda Hollinger Janzen, "Africa-based peace initiative grows out of Liberian tragedy," Mennonite Weekly Review, Vol. 82, No. 31, 2 August 2004, p. 7.
  53. ↑ "Jan Jenner". Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  54. ↑ "Tammy Krause". Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  55. ↑ "JustaPaz - Conflict Transformation and Restorative Justice Ministry". Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  56. ↑ "Korea out of Kohima". Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  57. ↑ "Peace Corps Program & Training Specialist for Africa". Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  58. ↑ Dixit, Kunda. "Setopati's One Year". NepalI Times. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  59. ↑ "Combining Modern and Traditional Justice Techniques: The Jirga in Pakistan". Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  60. ↑ "About Us". Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  61. ↑ "Speaker Profiles". Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  62. ↑ "Staff". Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  63. ↑ "Anjana Shakya". Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  64. ↑ "Board of Directors". Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  65. ↑ Boustany first=Nora (20 February 200). "A Beacon, Even in the Darkest Hours". The Washington Post. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  66. ↑ "Steering Committee". Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  67. ↑ "Tecla Wanjala". Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  68. ↑ "Husam Naji Jubran". Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  69. ↑ "Peace Initiative Kenya". Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  70. ↑ Shenk, Joanna. "Iris de León-Hartshorn called as director for transformative peacemaking". Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  71. ↑ "Key Technical Personnel". Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  72. ↑ Biumaiono, Solomoni (13 May 2013). "Conflict is 'healthy'". Fiji Times Online. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  73. ↑ Bagala, Andrew (8 May 2012). "Ugandan appointed new UN police chief in South Sudan". Daily Monitor. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  74. ↑ Leymah Gbowee and Carol Mithers, Mighty Be Our Powers (Beast Books, 2011), p. 112.
  75. ↑ "Jerusalem Stories Project". Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  76. ↑ "U.S.-led alliance losing Afghan war". Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  77. ↑ "Dr. Michelle Tooley Peace and Social Justice Studies and Eli Lilly Professor of Religion". Retrieved 5 February 2015.
  78. ↑ "Berea College Professor, Michelle Tooley, Cited Nationally for Civic Engagement; First Kentuckian to Become Finalist". Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  79. ↑ Reported by William Goldberg, co-director of SPI, as cited by EMU News Director Mike Zucconi on 14 October 2011; locations of these centers are indicated on map published in "Sowing Seeds of Peace Worldwide," Peacebuilder Magazine, Spring/Summer 2009, pp. 2-3.

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