Centralcasting

In terrestrial radio and television broadcasting, centralcasting refers to the use of systems automation by which customised signals for broadcast by multiple individual stations may be created at one central facility.

Definition

Centralcasting is a form of broadcast automation which operates on the presumption that large quantities of content are similar and are handled in a consistent or repetitive manner across multiple stations in a broadcast station group. While each individual station has its own digital on-screen graphic logo, call sign and identity, much of the content on a typical affiliate station consists of a common television network or syndicated programming with a small number of local broadcast programming time blocks employed for television news and sports television coverage, public affairs programming or local television commercials.

Traditionally, many operations at an individual broadcast station were handled manually by broadcast engineering technicians at the local station. Network feeds would arrive by satellite; these would contain time cues to indicate when the station could switch to a prerecorded local station break from a videotape recorder, a local station ID from a character generator or a local program such as a newscast. Syndicated programming would arrive separately, either recorded in advance from satellite for tape delay or transported on prerecorded media. Local advertisements would be stored on tape cartridges ("carts") which would need to be inserted in the correct timeslots manually. A station could not operate unattended, even if it were merely retransmitting a network television programme originated elsewhere.

Broadcast automation relies on computers to store and retrieve video, largely eliminating the use of individual videotapes and allowing switching and retrieval of stored programming, advertising and titles to take place automatically. The server would operate from stored playlists, in which each programme, each commercial advertisement, each live or network feed and each station break had been configured in advance.

Central control

In some cases, broadcasters have operated groups of multiple stations at the regional or national level from one central facility, removing many tasks which were formerly done locally. These operations normally take one of two forms:

1. A fully centralised operation may have local stations which function as little more than a local news bureau and a transmitter site. The local station sends its news footage to the central hub, which inserts it (along with local advertising and station identifiers) into a national network or syndicated programming feed. All video is stored in one central location. The resulting broadcast video streams are centrally assembled then sent directly to local station transmitters by the central hub.
2. A less-centralised approach involves installing servers at local broadcast station sites which may be controlled either locally or remotely. The central hub would be able to send video to the local station, along with playlist information, and local facilities would then be used to store and rebroadcast programming.

Non-broadcast operations

Many traffic and operations tasks, such as acquiring programming, selling advertisements, scheduling and keeping records of what was broadcast and billing advertisers take place behind the scenes, yet are also suited to automation and central operation by regional broadcast station groups. If computers handle scheduling of individual broadcasts, advertisements and local identification, a computerised record of what has been broadcast can easily be extracted for use at a central location to bill advertisers for broadcast time. Central operation of non-broadcast business functions removes the need for these tasks to be carried out at each of the multiple local stations.

Advantages

For some broadcasters, centralisation of broadcasting operations has reduced the number of people required to operate a station, with some saving in cost. This must be carefully balanced, however, against the cost of the extra communications links required from the local station to the hub; these often are optical fibre, microwave or (occasionally) satellite and can be costly if large amounts of digital video must be carried great distances.

By shifting many of the control tasks to a central hub, centralcasting may also reduce the investment which must be made in equipment for each individual local station in the group for upgrades such as digital television broadcasting as less equipment is required at each local station site.^[1]

Centralcasting can also be used as a way to control a station's local operations remotely during off-hours (such as late night, where there may be no one or just a skeleton crew at the local site). This can allow a station to operate on an "auto-pilot" basis during off-hours in which it otherwise may have needed to sign-off.

Drawbacks

An over-reliance on automation (and a reduction in the number of people at the local station) may leave an individual station less able to respond to local breaking news, such as tornadoes or other natural disasters which require local, live and immediate coverage. Individual local stations must also retain enough equipment to handle Emergency Alert System messages, routing them automatically to any remote locations being used to encode the final broadcast signals.^[2]

The use of large amounts of centrally assembled programming may also reduce local diversity, turning a station into little more than a semi-satellite of a main broadcaster in another city. In some cases, individual stations in a group will legally need to maintain nominal main studios in or near their respective communities of license but will originate little or nothing from these facilities once most broadcast-related tasks become centralised.^[3]

Broadcast centralisation can create problems when one station in the group is sold (as the local master control functions which had been centralised must be restored before the local station is a viable stand-alone entity). There also needs to be some means to remain on-air locally if the link to the central hub is lost, lest a single point of failure take down all stations in the regional group.

Users

Individual users of centralcasting facilities include:

• ION Media Networks began centralcasting in 2013, and plans to control nearly all owned-and-operated stations from its Clearwater, Florida broadcast facility.
• Barrington Broadcasting operates centralcasting facilities in Clio, Michigan to serve its stations in Michigan and Ohio, all but four of them NBC affiliates. (The exceptions include two CW affiliates, an ABC affiliate and a Fox affiliate, each sister station to the NBC affiliate in their respective market.)
• Cox Media Group uses centralcasting.^[4]
• Cowles Publishing Company's three Washington stations (which include KNDO and KNDU and their SWX Right Now channels), are operated from a centralcasting facility at flagship station KHQ-TV.^[5][6]
• Equity Media Holdings operated a unique C.A.S.H. (Central Automated Satellite Headend) system which allowed it to programme all of its stations nationwide from one central hub in Little Rock, Arkansas. Individual station sites in the system were little more than satellite-fed broadcast translators.^[7] This system, once one of the largest examples of central broadcast automation, was shut down as a result of Equity's 2009 chapter 11 bankruptcy.
• Fisher Communications uses centralcasting.^[8]
• Fox Television Stations centralcasts from Las Vegas, Nevada, a market in which they don't own a station.^[9]
• Gannett centralcasts it's NBC & My Network TV stations from Jacksonville, Florida. & Its ABC & CBS Stations from Greensboro, NC^[10]
• Hearst Television uses centralcasting.^[11]
• KQED originates six digital subchannels of programming for sister stations KQEH San Jose and KQET Watsonville-Monterey, California in a tapeless/file-based automated operation.^[12]
• LIN Broadcasting serves eleven stations from a centralcasting hub in Indianapolis, Indiana and an additional 15 from a hub in Springfield, Massachusetts.^[13]
• Media General controls all 18 of its stations from two hubs. Its ABC, CBS and CW affiliates are controlled from WSPA in Spartanburg, South Carolina; and its NBC affiliates are controlled from WCMH in Columbus, Ohio.
• Meredith Corporation controls all of its stations from two hubs. Stations east of the Rockies are operated from WGCL in Atlanta, Georgia, and all of its stations out West are controlled from KPHO in Phoenix, Arizona.^[14]
• NBC owned and operated stations use centralcasting.^[15]
• Newport Television (now defunct) operated New York Digital CentralCasting facilities at WSYR-TV Syracuse to serve former Ackerley stations^[16] in Binghamton, Elmira, Rochester and Watertown with additional regional hubs serving Oregon and California stations.
• Nexstar Broadcasting Group uses centralcasting.
• Post-Newsweek Stations centralcasts from Jacksonville, Florida.^[10]
• Some PBS member stations are using centralcasting facilities on a limited scale as a means to deploy additional digital subchannels and remotely monitor unattended overnight broadcast operations.^[17]
• Radio-Canada generates individualised French language television feeds for each of multiple Canadian time zones from one facility in Montreal^[18]
• Raycom Media uses centralcaasting.^[19]
• Sinclair Broadcasting uses centralcasting.^[20]
• Time Warner Cable operates four 24-hour cable news channels (YNN Central New York, YNN Rochester, YNN Buffalo, and YNN Capital Region) from two hubs, one (for news anchoring) in Albany and the other (for all weather operations) in Syracuse. While the news channels mostly use different anchors for each station, all four stations get their weather forecasts from the same team of meteorologists.^[21]
• Tribune Broadcasting centralcasts its stations.^[21]
• The majority of Wisconsin Public Television's operations for its six full-power and translator television stations originate from the public broadcaster's Madison, Wisconsin facility, with the other stations in the network mainly maintaining only basic engineering and studio operations in their city of license. This arrangement is common for statewide PBS and NPR networks such as Kentucky's KET, Nebraska's NET, Georgia Public Broadcasting in the state of Georgia, and OETA serving the state of Oklahoma. America's First was Alabama Public Television in 1955.

Controversy

Some groups, such as Sinclair Broadcasting, have attempted to centralise not only routine operational tasks but also the production of local news.^[22] The News Central format, which Sinclair abandoned in 2006,^[23] involved inserting small blocks of local content into an otherwise-national newscast,^[24] which would then be presented to local viewers as having been generated at the local station.^[25]

The resulting product contains largely the same content (and potentially the same journalistic biases) in each market in which it appears,^[26] raising objections from proponents of localism and opponents of concentration of media ownership.

The reduction in local broadcast-related jobs as tasks are moved to central locations has also drawn objections from trade unions.^[27]

See also

• Automatic transmission system
• Broadcast automation
• Station identification and local insertion
• Video server and playout

References

1. IP-based centralcasting, Mark Warner, Broadcast Engineering, Jun 1, 2008
2. Barix IP Audio Devices Gaining Popularity in EAS Applications, Broadcast Equipment Guide, April 13, 2007
3. The FCC's main studio rule: achieving little for localism at a great cost to broadcasters, Silverman, David M. - Tobenkin, David N., Federal Communications Law Journal • May 2001
4. "Harris Drives Cox Centralcasting". TV Technology. 29 November 2010. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
5. "KHQ Launches Centralcasting With ABS". TVNewsCheck. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
6. "Retrans Deal Drives Cowles Centralcasting". TVNewsCheck. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
7. 10-K SEC Filing, EQUITY MEDIA HOLDINGS CORP, 3/31/2008
8. "Fisher Chooses Omneon For Centralcasting". TVNewsCheck. 7 November 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
9. "O'Shea New Fox Stations Master Control". TVNewsCheck. 25 August 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
10. Behrens, Steve (3 October 2011). "CPB to equip 2 pubTV facilities as multistation master controls". Current.org. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
11. "Loral Skynet to Provide Hearst-Argyle Television With Customized Satellite Based Solutions.". The Free Library. 8 April 2002. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
12. TECH ONE ON ONE WITH NTC'S ETHAN BUSH: IS KQED THE STATION OF THE FUTURE?, TVNEWSDAY, Jul 26 2007
13. TECH ONE OF ONE WITH LIN'S JOHN VIALL: CENTRALCASTING PAYING OFF FOR LIN TV, TVNEWSDAY, Sep 20 2007
14. "Harris Corporation to Deliver ONE Broadcast Solution to Meredith for New Atlanta Centralcasting Hub" (21 September 2009). Retrieved 11 February 2013.
15. "NBC Selects Marconi For New National Broadband Video Distribution Network". PR Newswire. 4 February 2002. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
16. Ackerley links member stations via centralcasting; DigitalBroadcasting.com; May 17, 2001
17. PBS offer: automated control room in a box, Steve Behrens, Current, Dec. 1, 2003
18. CBC/Radio-Canada's move to centralcasting, Sep 1, 2005, Broadcast Engineering, CBC/RADIO-CANADA BROADCAST ENGINEERING GROUP
19. Barthold, Jim (2 July 2009). "Outsourcing Master Control Gains Traction". TVNewsCheck. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
20. "Sinclair Speeds Centralcasting". Broadcasting & Cable. 5 January 2003. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
21. Kerschbaumer, Ken (5 October 2005). "Straight Out of Centralcasting". Retrieved 11 February 2013.
22. Managing Television News: A Handbook for Ethical and Effective Producing; page 227; B. William Silcock, Don Heider, Mary T. Rogus; Routledge, 2007; ISBN 978-0-8058-5373-5
23. A Centralcasting Postmortem and a News-Share Projection: Using Market Theory to Assess Alternative Local Television News Strategies; AEJMC Annual Convention - Radio-Television Journalism Division, August 2–6, 2006
24. Online Focus: CENTRAL CASTING, PBS NewsHour, December 11, 2003
25. LOCAL NEWS, FROM FAR AWAY: "Centralcasting" saves money but could impair coverage, Deborah Potter, American Journalism Review, April 2003
26. TV News That Looks Local, Even if It's Not, JIM RUTENBERG / MICHELINE MAYNARD, New York Times, June 2, 2003
27. Union appeals CRTC ruling to Federal Court of Appeal, April 2008, Canada NewsWire