Siemens

This article is about a German engineering company. For the former Fujitsu-Siemens company, see Fujitsu Siemens Computers. For other uses, see Siemens (disambiguation).
Siemens AG
Aktiengesellschaft
Traded as FWB: SIE
Industry Conglomerate
Founded 12 October 1847 (1847-10-12)
Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia
Founder Werner von Siemens
Headquarters Berlin and Munich, Germany
Area served
 Worldwide
Key people
 Joe Kaeser
(President & CEO)
Gerhard Cromme
(Chairman of the Supervisory Board)
Products Power generation technology, industrial and buildings automation, medical technology, railway vehicles, water treatment systems, fire alarms, PLM software 4 December 2006
Services Business services, financing, project engineering and construction
Revenue Increase €75.63 billion (2015)[1]
Decrease €6.04 billion (2015)[1]
Increase €7.28 billion (2015)[1]
Total assets Increase €120.34 billion (2015)[1]
Total equity Increase €34.47 billion (2015)[1]
Number of employees
 348,000 (2015)[1]
Divisions Process Industries and Drives, Digital Factory, Energy Management, Healthcare, Mobility, Power and Gas, Power Generation Services, Wind Power and Renewables, Building Technologies
Website www.siemens.com

Siemens AG (German pronunciation: [ˈziːmɛns])[2] is a German company headquartered in Berlin and Munich and the largest engineering company in Europe with branch offices abroad.

The principal divisions of the company are Industry, Energy, Healthcare, and Infrastructure & Cities, which represent the main activities of the company. The company is a prominent maker of medical diagnostics equipment and its medical health-care division, which generates about 12 percent of the company's total sales, is its second-most profitable unit, after the industrial automation division.[3] The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index.[4] Siemens and its subsidiaries employ approximately 362,000 people worldwide and reported global revenue of around €71.9 billion in 2014 according to their annual report.

History

1847 to 1901

Werner von Siemens, co-founder of Siemens & Halske.

Siemens & Halske was founded by Werner von Siemens and Johann Georg Halske on 12 October 1847. Based on the telegraph, his invention used a needle to point to the sequence of letters, instead of using Morse code. The company, then called Telegraphen-Bauanstalt von Siemens & Halske, opened its first workshop on 12 October.[5]

In 1848, the company built the first long-distance telegraph line in Europe; 500 km from Berlin to Frankfurt am Main. In 1850, the founder's younger brother, Carl Wilhelm Siemens later Sir William Siemens started to represent the company in London. The London agency became a branch office in 1858. In the 1850s, the company was involved in building long distance telegraph networks in Russia. In 1855, a company branch headed by another brother, Carl Heinrich von Siemens, opened in St Petersburg, Russia. In 1867, Siemens completed the monumental Indo-European (Calcutta to London) telegraph line.[6]

First electric locomotive, build in 1879 by company founder Werner von Siemens.

In 1867, Werner von Siemens described a dynamo without permanent magnets. A similar system was also independently invented by Charles Wheatstone, but Siemens became the first company to build such devices. In 1881, a Siemens AC Alternator driven by a watermill was used to power the world's first electric street lighting in the town of Godalming, United Kingdom. The company continued to grow and diversified into electric trains and light bulbs. In 1890, the founder retired and left running the company to his brother Carl and sons Arnold and Wilhelm. In 1887 it opened its first office in Japan.[7]

1901 to 1933

The company built airplanes during World War I, for example this Siemens airplane in 1926.

Siemens & Halske (S & H) was incorporated in 1897, and then merged parts of its activities with Schuckert & Co., Nuremberg in 1903 to become Siemens-Schuckert. In 1907, Siemens (Siemens & Halske and Siemens-Schuckert) had 34,324 employees and was the seventh-largest company in the German empire by number of employees.[8] (see List of German companies by employees in 1907)

In 1919, S & H and two other companies jointly formed the Osram lightbulb company.

During the 1920s and 1930s, S & H started to manufacture radios, television sets, and electron microscopes.

In 1932, Reiniger, Gebbert & Schall (Erlangen), Phönix AG (Rudolstadt) and Siemens-Reiniger-Veifa mbH (Berlin) merged to form the Siemens-Reiniger-Werke AG (SRW), the third of the so-called parent companies that merged in 1966 to form the present-day Siemens AG.[9]

In the 1920s, Siemens constructed the Ardnacrusha Hydro Power station on the River Shannon in the then Irish Free State, and it was a world first for its design. The company is remembered for its desire to raise the wages of its under-paid workers only to be overruled by the Cumann na nGaedheal government.[10]

1933 to 1945

Prisoners around 1944 working at a Siemens factory in KZ Bobrek, a subcamp of Auschwitz concentration camp.[11]
A Siemens truck being used as a Nazi public address vehicle in 1932.

Siemens (at the time: Siemens-Schuckert) employed some skilled labor among deported people in extermination camps. The company owned a plant in Auschwitz concentration camp.[11][12]

During the final years of World War II, numerous plants and factories in Berlin and other major cities were destroyed by Allied air raids. To prevent further losses, manufacturing was therefore moved to alternative places and regions not affected by the air war. The goal was to secure continued production of important war-related and everyday goods. According to records, Siemens was operating almost 400 alternative or relocated manufacturing plants at the end of 1944 and in early 1945.

In 1972, Siemens sued German satirist F.C. Delius for his satirical history of the company, Unsere Siemenswelt, and it was determined much of the book contained false claims although the trial itself publicized Siemens' history in Nazi Germany.[13] The company supplied electrical parts to Nazi concentration camps and death camps. The factories had poor working conditions, where malnutrition and death were common. Also, the scholarship has shown that the camp factories were created, run, and supplied by the SS, in conjunction with company officials, sometimes high-level officials.[14][15][16][17]

Siemens businessman and Nazi Party member John Rabe is, however, credited with saving many Chinese lives during the infamous Nanking Massacre. He later toured Germany lecturing on the atrocities committed by Japanese forces in Nanking.[18]

1945 to 2001

In the 1950s and from their new base in Bavaria, S&H started to manufacture computers, semiconductor devices, washing machines, and pacemakers. In 1966, Siemens & Halske (S&H, founded in 1847), Siemens-Schuckertwerke (SSW, founded in 1903) and Siemens-Reiniger-Werke (SRW, founded in 1932) merged to form Siemens AG.[9] In 1969, Siemens formed Kraftwerk Union with AEG by pooling their nuclear power businesses.[19]

A 1973 Siemens electron microscope on display at the Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris.

The company's first digital telephone exchange was produced in 1980. In 1988 Siemens and GEC acquired the UK defence and technology company Plessey. Plessey's holdings were split, and Siemens took over the avionics, radar and traffic control businesses — as Siemens Plessey.

In 1985, Siemens bought Allis-Chalmers' interest in the partnership company Siemens-Allis (formed 1978) which supplied electrical control equipment. It was incorporated into Siemens' Energy and Automation division.[20]

In 1987, Siemens reintegrated Kraftwerk Union, the unit overseeing nuclear power business.[19]

In 1991, Siemens acquired Nixdorf Computer AG and renamed it Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme AG, in order to produce personal computers.

In October 1991, Siemens acquired the Industrial Systems Division of Texas Instruments, Inc, based in Johnson City, Tennessee. This division was organized as Siemens Industrial Automation, Inc., and was later absorbed by Siemens Energy and Automation, Inc.

In 1992, Siemens bought out IBM's half of ROLM (Siemens had bought into ROLM 5 years earlier), thus creating SiemensROLM Communications; eventually dropping ROLM from the name later in the 1990s.

In 1997, Siemens agreed to sell the defence arm of Siemens Plessey to British Aerospace (BAe) and a German aerospace company, DaimlerChrysler Aerospace. BAe and DASA acquired the British and German divisions of the operation respectively.[21]

In October 1997, Siemens Financial Services (SFS) was founded to act as competence center for financing issues and as a manager of financial risks within Siemens.

In 1998, Siemens acquired Westinghouse Power Generation for more than $1.5 billion from CBS corp and moving Siemens from third to second the world power generation market.[22]

In 1999, Siemens' semiconductor operations were spun off into a new company called Infineon Technologies. In the same year, Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme AG became part of Fujitsu Siemens Computers AG, with its retail banking technology group becoming Wincor Nixdorf.

In 2000, Shared Medical Systems Corporation [23] was acquired by the Siemens' Medical Engineering Group,[24] eventually becoming part of Siemens Medical Solutions.

Also in 2000 Atecs-Mannesman was acquired by Siemens,[25] The sale was finalised in April 2001 with 50% of the shares acquired, acquisition, Mannesmann VDO AG merged into Siemens Automotive forming Siemens VDO Automotive AG, Atecs Mannesmann Dematic Systems merged into Siemens Production and Logistics forming Siemens Dematic AG, Mannesmann Demag Delaval merged into the Power Generation division of Siemens AG.[26] Other parts of the company were acquired by Robert Bosch GmbH at the same time.[27]

2001 to 2011

A Siemens Velaro high speed train in service on the Köln–Frankfurt high-speed rail line

In 2001 Chemtech Group of Brazil was incorporated into the Siemens Group;[28] it provides industrial process optimisation, consultancy and other engineering services.[29]

Also in 2001, Siemens formed joint venture Framatome with Areva SA of France by merging much of the companies' nuclear businesses.[19]

In 2002, Siemens sold some of its business activities to Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. L.P. (KKR), with its metering business included in the sale package.[30]

In 2003 Siemens acquired the flow division of Danfoss and incorporated it into the Automation and Drives division.[31] Also in 2003 Siemens acquired IndX software (realtime data organisation and presentation).[32][33] The same year in an unrelated development Siemens reopened its office in Kabul.[34] Also in 2003 agreed to buy Alstom Industrial Turbines; a manufacturer of small, medium and industrial gas turbines for €1.1 billion.[35][36] On 11 February 2003, Siemens planned to shorten phones' shelf life by bringing out annual Xelibri lines, with new devices launched as spring -summer and autumn-winter collections.[37] On 6 March 2003, the company opened an office in San Jose.[38] On 7 March 2003, the company announced that it planned to gain 10 per cent of the mainland China market for handsets.[39] On 18 March 2003, the company unveiled the latest in its series of Xelibri fashion phones.[40]

In 2004 the wind energy company Bonus Energy in Brande, Denmark was acquired,[41][42] forming Siemens Wind Power division.[43] Also in 2004 Siemens invested in Dasan Networks (South Korea, broadband network equipment) acquiring ~40% of the shares,[44] Nokia Siemens disinvested itself of the shares in 2008.[45] The same year Siemens acquired Photo-Scan (UK, CCTV systems)[46] US Filter Corporation (water and Waste Water Treatment Technologies/ Solutions, acquired from Veolia),[47] Hunstville Electronics Corporation (automobile electronics, acquired from Chrysler),[48] and Chantry Networks (WLAN equipment)[49]

In 2005 Siemens sold the Siemens mobile manufacturing business to BenQ, forming the BenQ-Siemens division. Also in 2005 Siemens acquired Flender Holding GmbH (Bocholt, Germany, gears/industrial drives),[50] Bewator AB (building security systems),[51] Wheelabrator Air Pollution Control, Inc. (Industrial and power station dust control systems),[52] AN Windenegrie GmbH. (Wind energy),[53] Power Technologies Inc. (Schenectady, USA, energy industry software and training),[54] CTI Molecular Imaging (Positron emission tomography and molecular imaging systems),[55][56] Myrio (IPTV systems),[57] Shaw Power Technologoes International Ltd (UK/USA, electrical engineering consulting, acquired from Shaw Group),[58][59] and Transmitton (Ashby de la Zouch UK, rail and other industry control and asset management).[60]

In 2006, Siemens announced the purchase of Bayer Diagnostics, which was incorporated into the Medical Solutions Diagnostics division on 1 January 2007, also in 2006 Siemens acquired Controlotron (New York) (ultrasonic flow meters)[61][62] Also in 2006 Siemens acquired Diagnostic Products Corp., Kadon Electro Mechanical Services Ltd. (now TurboCare Canada Ltd.), Kühnle, Kopp, & Kausch AG, Opto Control, and VistaScape Security Systems[63]

Siemens power generating wind turbine towers

In March 2007 a Siemens board member was temporarily arrested and accused of illegally financing a business-friendly labour association which competes against the union IG Metall. He has been released on bail. Offices of the labour union and of Siemens have been searched. Siemens denies any wrongdoing.[64] In April the Fixed Networks, Mobile Networks and Carrier Services divisions of Siemens merged with Nokia's Network Business Group in a 50/50 joint venture, creating a fixed and mobile network company called Nokia Siemens Networks. Nokia delayed the merger[65] due to bribery investigations against Siemens.[66] In October 2007, a court in Munich found that the company had bribed public officials in Libya, Russia, and Nigeria in return for the awarding of contracts; four former Nigerian Ministers of Communications were among those named as recipients of the payments. The company admitted to having paid the bribes and agreed to pay a fine of 201 million euros. In December 2007, the Nigerian government cancelled a contract with Siemens due to the bribery findings.[67][68]

Also in 2007 Siemens acquired Vai Ingdesi Automation (Argentina, Industrial Automation), UGS Corp., Dade Behring, Sidelco (Quebec, Canada), S/D Engineers Inc., and Gesellschaft für Systemforschung und Dienstleistungen im Gesundheitswesen mbH (GSD) (Germany).

In July 2008, Siemens AG announced a joint venture of the Enterprise Communications business with the Gores Group, renamed Unify in 2013. The Gores Group holding a majority interest of 51% stake, with Siemens AG holding a minority interest of 49%.[69]

In August 2008, Siemens Project Ventures invested $15 million in the Arava Power Company. In a press release published that month, Peter Löscher, President and CEO of Siemens AG said: “This investment is another consequential step in further strengthening our green and sustainable technologies”. Siemens now holds a 40% stake in the company. [70]

In January 2009, Siemens announced to sell its 34% stake in Framatome, complaining limited managerial influence. In March, it announced to form an alliance with Rosatom of Russia to engage in nuclear-power activities.[19]

In April 2009, Fujitsu Siemens Computers became Fujitsu Technology Solutions as a result of Fujitsu buying out Siemens' share of the company.

In October 2009, Siemens signed a $418 million contract to buy Solel Solar Systems an Israeli company in the solar thermal power business.[71]

In December 2010 Siemens agreed to sell its IT Solutions and Services subsidiary for €850 million to Atos. As part of the deal, Siemens agreed to take a 15% stake in the enlarged Atos, to be held for a minimum of five years. In addition, Siemens concluded a seven-year outsourcing contract worth around €5.5 billion, under which Atos will provide managed services and systems integration to Siemens.

2011 to present

In March 2011, it was decided to list Osram on the stock market in the autumn, but CEO Peter Löscher said Siemens intended to retain a long-term interest in the company, which was already independent from the technological and managerial viewpoints.

In September 2011 Siemens, which had been responsible for constructing all 17 of Germany's existing nuclear power plants, announced that it would exit the nuclear sector following the Fukushima disaster and the subsequent changes to German energy policy. Chief executive Peter Löscher has supported the German government's planned Energiewende, its transition to renewable energy technologies, calling it a "project of the century" and saying Berlin's target of reaching 35% renewable energy sources by 2020 was feasible.[72]

In November 2012, Siemens acquired the Rail division of Invensys for £1.7 billion. In the same month, Siemens made the announcement of acquiring a privately held company, LMS International NV.[73]

In August 2013, Nokia acquired 100% of the company Nokia Siemens Networks, with a buy-out of Siemens AG, ending Siemens role in telecommunication.[74]

In August 2013, Siemens won a $966.8 million order for power plant components from oil firm Saudi Aramco, the largest bid it has ever received from the Saudi company.[75]

In 2014, Siemens plans to build a $264 million facility for making offshore wind turbines in Paull, England, as Britain’s wind power rapidly expands. Siemens chose the Hull area on the east coast of England because it is close to other large offshore projects planned in coming years. The new plant is expected to begin producing turbine rotor blades in 2016. The plant and the associated service center, in Green Port Hull nearby, will employ about 1,000 workers. The facilities will serve the UK market, where the electricity that major power producers generate from wind grew by about 38 percent in 2013, representing about 6 percent of total electricity, according to government figures. There are also plans to increase Britain’s wind-generating capacity at least threefold by 2020, to 14 gigawatts.[76]

In May 2014, Rolls-Royce agreed to sell its gas turbine and compressor energy business to Siemens for £1 Billion.[77] In June 2014 Siemens and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries announced their formation of joint ventures to bid for Alstom's troubled energy and transportation businesses (in locomotives, steam turbines, and aircraft engines). A rival bid by General Electric (GE) has been criticized by French government sources, who consider Alstom's operations as a "vital national interest" at a moment when the French unemployment level stands above 10% and some voters are turning towards the far-right.[78]

In September 2014, Siemens said it would buy U.S. oilfield equipment maker Dresser-Rand Group Inc for $7.6 billion[79]

Nowadays the stakeholders try to maximize the profit and to spin off the divisions that are not so profitable. The main goal is to centralize operations in Germany, in order to kept the capital on Germany and partnership with the government as a public company alike.

Products, services & contribution

Siemens C651 trains for the Singapore MRT at Ulu Pandan Depot
Siemens C651 trains for the Singapore MRT at Ulu Pandan Depot

Siemens offers a wide range of electrical engineering- and electronics-related products and services.[80] Its products can be broadly divided into the following categories: buildings-related products; drives, automation and industrial plant-related products; energy-related products; lighting; medical products; and transportation and logistics-related products.[80]

Siemens buildings-related products include building-automation equipment and systems; building-operations equipment and systems; building fire-safety equipment and systems; building-security equipment and systems; and low-voltage switchgear including circuit protection and distribution products.[80]

Siemens drives, automation and industrial plant-related products include motors and drives for conveyor belts; pumps and compressors; heavy duty motors and drives for rolling steel mills; compressors for oil and gas pipelines; mechanical components including gears for wind turbines and cement mills; automation equipment and systems and controls for production machinery and machine tools; and industrial plant for water processing and raw material processing.[80]

Siemens energy-related products include gas and steam turbines; generators; compressors; on- and offshore wind turbines; high-voltage transmission products; power transformers; high-voltage switching products and systems; alternating and direct current transmission systems; medium-voltage components and systems; and power automation products.[80]

Siemens OSRAM subsidiary produces lighting products including incandescent, halogen, compact fluorescent, fluorescent, high-intensity discharge and Xenon lamps; opto-electronic semiconductor light sources such as light emitting diodes (LEDs), organic LEDs, high power laser diodes, LED systems and LED luminaires; electronic equipment including electronic ballasts; lighting control and management systems; and related precision components.[80]

Siemens medical products include clinical information technology systems; hearing instruments; in-vitro diagnostics equipment; imaging equipment including angiography, computed tomography, fluoroscopy, magnetic resonance, mammography, molecular imaging ultrasound, and x-ray equipment; and radiation oncology and particle therapy equipment.[80] As of 2014, Siemens was considering selling the hearing-aid (hearing instruments) business.[81]

Siemens transportation and logistics-related products include equipment and systems for rail transportation including rail vehicles for mass transit, regional and long-distance transportation, locomotives, equipment and systems for rail electrification, central control systems, interlockings, and automated train controls; equipment and systems for road traffic including traffic detection, information and guidance; equipment and systems for airport logistics including cargo tracking and baggage handling; and equipment and systems for postal automation including letter parcel sorting.[80]

Operations

Siemens is incorporated in Germany and has its corporate headquarters in Munich.[82] It has operations in around 190 countries and approximately 285 production and manufacturing facilities.[82] Siemens had around 360,000 employees as of 30 September 2011.[82]

Electrification, automation and digitalization are the long-term growth fields of Siemens. In order to take full advantage of the market potential in these fields, Siemens businesses are bundled into nine divisions and healthcare as a separately managed business.

Power and Gas

Wind Power and Renewables

Power Generation Services

Energy Management

Building Technologies

Mobility

Digital Factory

Process Industries and Drives

Financial Services

Healthcare

Research and development

In 2011 Siemens invested a total of €3.925 billion in research and development, equivalent to 5.3% of revenues.[82] As of 30 September 2011 Siemens had approximately 11,800 Germany-based employees engaged in research and development and approximately 16,000 in the rest of the world, of whom the majority were based in one of Austria, China, Croatia, Denmark, France, India, Mexico, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States.[82] As of 30 September 2011 Siemens held approximately 53,300 patents worldwide.[82]

Joint ventures

Siemens' current joint ventures include:

Silcar was a joint venture between Siemens Ltd and Thiess Services Pty Ltd until 2013. Silcar is a 3,000 person Australian organisation providing productivity and reliability for large scale and technically complex plant assets. Services include asset management, design, construction, operations and maintenance. Silcar operates across a range of industries and essential services including power generation, electrical distribution, manufacturing, mining and telecommunications. In July 2013, Thiess took full control.[84][85][86]

In 2014, Siemens and Accenture formed a joint venture company called OMNETRIC Group.

Shareholders

The company has issued 881.000.000 shares of common stock. The largest single shareholder continues to be the founding shareholder, the Siemens family, with a stake of 6%. 62% are held by institutional asset managers, the largest being two divisions of the world's largest asset manager BlackRock. 83.97% of the shares are considered public float, however including such strategic investors as the State of Qatar (DIC Company Ltd.) with 3,04%, the Government Pension Fund of Norway with 2,5% and the Siemens AG itself with 3,04%. 19% are held by private investors, 13% by investors that are considered unidentifiable. 26% are owned by German investors, 21% by US investors, followed by the UK (11%), France (8%), Switzerland (8%) and a number of others (26%).[87]

Senior management

Chairmen of the Siemens-Schuckertwerke Managing Board (1903 to 1966)[88]

Chairmen of the Siemens & Halske / Siemens-Schuckertwerke Supervisory Board (1918 to 1966)[88]

Wilhelm von Siemens 
Carl Friedrich von Siemens 

Chairmen of the Siemens AG Managing Board (1966 to present)[88]

Heinrich von Pierer 
Klaus Kleinfeld 
Peter Löscher 

Chairmen of the Siemens AG Supervisory Board (1966 to present)[88]

Managing Board (present day)[89]

The Siemens Graduate Program (The SGP)

The Siemens Graduate Program, which has existed since 1922, is the first university graduate program to be established at Siemens. It is an international two-year development program for Master Graduates and PhDs available in various global regions (for example Germany, Denmark, UK, Belgium, France, Spain, Switzerland, Russia, China, India, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Egypt, Brazil, and USA). The SGP consists of three work assignments, one of them abroad, within one of the Siemens Divisions, each lasting eight months. The participants are working at least in two different functional areas during their rotations and are accompanied by a personal mentor for the duration of the program.[90]

Controversies

In January 2007 Siemens was fined €396 million by the European Commission for price fixing in EU electricity markets through a cartel involving 11 companies, including ABB, Alstom, Fuji Electric, Hitachi Japan, AE Power Systems, Mitsubishi Electric Corp, Schneider, Areva, Toshiba and VA Tech.[91] According to the Commission, "between 1988 and 2004, the companies rigged bids for procurement contracts, fixed prices, allocated projects to each other, shared markets and exchanged commercially important and confidential information."[91] Siemens was given the highest fine of €396 million, more than half of the total, for its alleged leadership role in the activity.

Siemens agreed to pay a record $1.34 billion in fines in December 2008[92] after being investigated for bribery. The investigation found questionable payments of roughly €1.3 billion, from 2002 to 2006 that triggered a broad range of inquiries in Germany, the United States and other countries.[93] In May 2007 a German court convicted two former executives of paying about €6 million in bribes from 1999 to 2002 to help Siemens win natural gas turbine supply contracts with Enel, an Italian energy company. The contracts were valued at about €450 million. Siemens was fined €38 million.[94]

Nokia Siemens supplied telecommunications equipment to the Iranian telecom company that included the ability to intercept and monitor telecommunications, a facility known as "lawful intercept". The equipment was believed to have been used in the suppression of the 2009–2010 Iranian election protests, leading to criticism of the company, including by the European Parliament. Nokia-Siemens later divested its call monitoring business, and reduced its activities in Iran.[95][96][97][98][99][100]

Siemens has been accused of bribing Greek officials.[101][102][103] In 2008, it was revealed that Siemens had bribed the two main political parties of Greece for approximately 10 years to be the sole provider of mechanical and electrical equipment of the Greek state. After the exposure the German authorities moved to arrest the representatives of Siemens in Greece, who had managed to escape from the Greek authorities.[104] The German judicial system didn't allow the Greek authorities to cross-question the representatives. As a result, there wasn't any solid evidence against the corrupt politicians, who weren't arrested and continue to be active in the Greek political system. Meanwhile, the Greek state cancelled the planned business deals.

The name of Siemens AG is also linked to the 1914 Siemens scandal in Japan.

See also

References

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  2. ↑ "Siemens pronunciation: How to pronounce Siemens in German". pronouncekiwi.com. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  3. ↑ "Bloomberg.com". 20 May 2007. Retrieved 12 January 2008.
  4. ↑ Frankfurt Stock Exchange
  5. ↑ "Founding of the "Siemens & Halske Telegraph Construction Company," which later became Siemens AG". Siemens AG. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
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  7. ↑ Siemens website August 1, 2012 – 125 Years Siemens in Japan (1887–2012) Retrieved on 12 August 2013
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  10. ↑ Bushe, Andrew (4 August 2002). "Ardnacrusha – Dam hard job". Sunday Mirror. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
  11. 1 2 Arendt, Hannah (1964). Eichmann in Jerusalem. Ein Bericht von der Banalität des Bösen. München. p. 163. ISBN 978-3-492-24822-8.
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  18. ↑ John Rabe, moreorless
  19. 1 2 3 4 Vanessa Fuhrmans (15 April 2011). "Siemens Rethinks Nuclear Ambitions". The Wall Street Journal.
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  39. ↑ "SIEMENS TARGETS 10pc OF HANDSETS".
  40. ↑ "Siemens puts fashion way out in front".
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