Chaîne opératoire

A simplified schematic of chaîne opératoire for a stone tool. Despite its name, c.o. need not be linear.

Chaîne opératoire (French for “operational chain” or “operational sequence”) is a term used throughout anthropological discourse, but is most commonly used in archaeology and sociocultural anthropology. It functions as a methodological tool for analysing the technical processes and social acts involved in the step-by-step production, use, and eventual disposal of artifacts, such as lithics or pottery.^[1][2][3] This concept of technology as the science of human activities was first proposed by French archaeologist, André Leroi-Gourhan, and later by the historian of science, André-Georges Haudricourt.^[1][4] Both were students of Marcel Mauss who had earlier recognised that societies could be understood through its techniques by virtue of the fact that operational sequences are steps organised according to an internal logic specific to a society.^[4][5]

The chaîne opératoire was born out of the need to explicitly describe the methodology of lithic analysis in archaeological scholarship. It allows archaeologists to reconstruct the techniques used and the chronological ordering of the different steps required to produce an artefact.^[4] By understanding the processes and construction of tools, archaeologists can better determine the evolution of tool technology and the development of ancient cultures and lifestyles.^[6] Artefact analysis has undergone several changes throughout its history, shifting from an orientation as a natural science of prehistoric man to a social and cultural anthropology of the production techniques of prehistoric societies.^[4] From this perspective, a chaîne opératoire can be understood as a social product, as it calls for an interdisciplinary approach to artefact analysis (the integration of associated disciplines: archaeology, sociocultural anthropology, biological anthropology, and anthropological linguistics), which offers a multidimensional view of a society, and demonstrates how chaînes opératoires cannot operate independently of the society that produces it.^[3] Consequently, the study of the technique - or chaîne opératoire - enables one to better understand not only the society in which the technique originated, but also the social context, actions, and cognition that accompanied the production of an object.^[4]

References

1. Timothy Darvill (2002). "Chaîne opératoire, definition from Answers.com". Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford University Press and Answers.com. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
2. Roger Grace (1997). "The 'chaîne opératoire' approach to lithic analysis". Stone Age Reference Collection. Institute of Archaeology, University of Oslo, Norway. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
3. Gosselain, Oliver (1992). "Technology and Style: Potters and Pottery Among Bafia of Cameroon". Man 27 (3): 559–586. doi:10.2307/2803929. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
4. Soressi, Marie; Geneste, Jean-Michel (2011). "Special Issue: Reduction Sequence, Chaîne Opératoire, and Other Methods: The Epistemologies of Different Approaches to Lithic Analysis; The History and Efficacy of the Chaîne Opératoire Approach to Lithic Analysis: Studying Techniques to Reveal Past Societies in an Evolutionary Perspective". PaleoAnthropology: 336. doi:10.4207/PA.2011.ART63.
5. Coupaye, Ludovic (2009). "Ways of Enchanting: Chaînes Opératoires and Yam Cultivation in Nyamikum Village, Maprik, Papua New Guinea". Journal of Material Culture 14 (4): 440. doi:10.1177/1359183509345945.
6. Forestier H, Zeitoun V, Winayalai C and Métais C 2013. The open-air site of Huai Hin (Northwestern Thailand): Chronological perspectives for the Hoabinhian. Comptes Rendus Palevol 12(1)