Glassworm
| Glassworm | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Hexapoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Chaoboridae De Haan, 1849 |
| Genus: | Chaoborus |
A glassworm is a type of midge larva called Chaoborus. They are also known as phantom midge larvae, because they are transparent. They can be found commonly in lakes all over the world and can be up to 2 centimeters in length.
Glassworms are almost entirely transparent, except for pairs of black kidney-shaped structures in the front and the back of the body. These dots are the air sacs. They use these air sacs to migrate up and down in lakes. Glassworms breathe through the end of their abdomen and have two small eyes at the front of their bodies.
Chaoborus adults do not bite or suck blood. Larvae live in open waters and even sediments, where there is no oxygen for them to breathe. In some lakes they can be found as deep as 70 m. In these deep anoxic waters they can avoid predation more easily than near the surface. They get around the fact that a normal air filled invertebrate tracheal system would fail at these depths by having it reduced to just two air sacs.[1] They are predaceous, and catch their prey with their modified prehensile antennae. They look somewhat like mosquito larvae, on which they prey and frequently destroy in large numbers. Chaoborus are considered opportunistic eaters, as their main diet consists of copepods and cladocerans, though they are believed to prefer copepods. However, they tend to select whatever prey enters its strike zone as it is not known for chasing prey. Prey selection also varies between species as head and mandible size dictate maximum prey size. [2]
Their main predator is fish, which can cause a behavioral response due to light factors influenced by their presence. This fish factor causes an increase in the average depth the individuals can be found at. This vertical migration behavior is believed to be a chemical reaction, rather than a visual or mechanical. [3]
The simplest way to collect Chaoborus larvae is by a plankton net. Glassworms are very easy to store if the water is kept cold and aerated. They are very tolerant to bad water conditions, including chlorine. They are sometimes collected and sold as fish food.
Life cycle
Chaoborus spends the majority of its life in the larval stage. In this larval stage, there are 4 growth in-stars before reaching adulthood. Most Chaoborus species are univoltine, or live for only one year, though some populations have been recorded as having a two year generation time. Timing of pupation depends on local environmental conditions, though generally occurs after any ice has thawed and temperatures in the water begin to rise again. [4]
References
- ↑ Maddrell, S.H.P. (1998). Why are there no insects in the open sea? Journal of Experimental Biology 201: 2461-2464. Online.
- ↑ Swift, M.C. and A.Y. Fedorenko. (1975). Some aspects of prey capture by Chaoborus larvae. Limnology and Oceanography 20:418-425. .
- ↑ Widbom, B. and R. Elmgren. (1988). Vertical migration of Chaoborus larvae is induced by the presence of fish. Limnology and Oceanography 35:1631-1637. .
- ↑ Von Ende, Carl N. (1982). Phenology of four Chaoborus species. Environmental Entomology 11:9-15. .