Chaoyang, Liaoning

Chaoyang
朝阳市
Prefecture-level city

An ancient street in Chaoyang.

Location of Chaoyang City jurisdiction in Liaoning
Chaoyang

Location of the city centre in Liaoning

Coordinates: 41°34′N 120°27′E / 41.567°N 120.450°E / 41.567; 120.450Coordinates: 41°34′N 120°27′E / 41.567°N 120.450°E / 41.567; 120.450
Country People's Republic of China
Province Liaoning
Municipal seat Shuangta District
Districts and Counties
Government
 • CPC Chief Chen Tiexin
 • Mayor Zhang Tiemin
Area[1]
 • Prefecture-level city 19,698 km2 (7,605 sq mi)
Elevation 170 m (560 ft)
Population (2010)[2]
 • Prefecture-level city 3,044,641
 • Density 150/km2 (400/sq mi)
 • Urban 428,000
Time zone China Standard (UTC+8)
Postal code 122000
Area code(s) 0421
Licence plate prefixes 辽N
Administrative division code 211300
ISO 3166-2 cn-21-13
Website zgcy.gov.cn
Chaoyang, Liaoning
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese 朝陽
Simplified Chinese 朝阳
Mongolian name
Mongolian script ᠴᠤᠤᠶᠠᠩ

Chaoyang (Chinese: 朝阳) is a prefecture-level city of Liaoning province, People's Republic of China.

With a vast land area of almost 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi), it is by area the largest prefecture-level city in Liaoning, and borders on Hebei province and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region to the west.

The area under Chaoyang's jurisdictional control is split up into two counties (Jianping, Chaoyang), two urban districts (Longcheng, Shuangta), two county-level cities (Beipiao, Lingyuan), and the Harqin Left Wing Mongolian Autonomous County. The total regional population is 3 million, while the urban centre where the government office is located has a population of 430,000 and forms the core of Chaoyang.

Known as China's 'fossil city', many important paleontological discoveries have been made in Chaoyang, and the Harqin region is the oldest currently known prehistoric site in northern China. Two of the most remarkable Early Cretaceous birds known to date were recovered in the vicinity of the Jiufotang Formation rocks and named Longipteryx chaoyangensis and Sapeornis chaoyangensis in reference to the city.

Name

The name "Chaoyang" originates from a poem found in one of the oldest collections of Chinese poetry, the Shijing. "A wutong tree grew on a mountain. A fenghuang bird perched at the top and sang towards the morning sun" (Chaoyang’s name means "morning sun" in Chinese). The eastern part of Chaoyang is home to a mountain that has been called Fenghuang Mountain since ancient times. In 1778, this mountain was connected with the poem from the Shijing and Chaoyang was given its current name.

History

Chaoyang has a long and rich history. The discovery of the over five-thousand-year-old Niuheliang Hongshan Cultural Ruins in the region has drawn attention to Chaoyang as one of the birthplaces of ancient Chinese culture.[3] The area first appears in Chinese historical records as “Liucheng County” in the Early Han period of the 3rd century B.C. In 342 AD, King of the Former Yan, Murong Huang, made Chaoyang his capital under the name Longcheng, and the city remained the capital through the Later Yan and Northern Yan periods.[4] Since this time, Chaoyang has functioned as a center of Buddhism in Northeast China, with the construction of Longxiang temple in 345 AD forming the beginning of Buddhist culture in the Northeast.

The Mongols seized Chaoyang and surrounding regions. It is very difficult to locate nomadic people, but when they submitted to the Manchu Qing Dynasty, Chaoyang was controlled by Chinggisid princes and descendants of Jelme. Their territories became Tümed Right Wing Banner, Kharachin Left Wing Banner, Kharachin Right Wing Banner, and Kharachin Middle Banner, all of which were under Josutu League.[5]

Although the Qin Dynasty officially prohibited the Chinese from immigrating to Mongol lands, the southernmost league of Mongolia was flooded by Chinese peasants. As a result, several Chinese prefectures were created within the Mongol lands, and the Chinese came under the jurisdiction of the neighboring Chengde-fu.

In 1891, a Chinese secret society named Jindandao raised a rebellion, massacring tens of thousands of Mongols and forcing survivors to flee northward.[6]

Under Manchukuo, the eastern part of Chaoyang, including the city of Chaoyang, belonged to Kin-chow Province while the western part constituted Jehol Province.[5] The People's Republic of China incorporated Chaoyang into Liaoning Province in 1955 although ethnic Mongols wished to join Inner Mongolia.[6] It was declared a prefecture level city in 1984.[7]

Geography and climate

Chaoyang has a rather dry, monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa), with cold but very dry winters, and hot, humid summers; spring and autumn are relatively brief. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −9.7 °C (14.5 °F) in January to 24.8 °C (76.6 °F) in July, for an annual average of 9.04 °C (48.3 °F). A majority of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August alone. Due to the aridity, diurnal temperature variation is large, especially during spring and autumn, and averages 13.3 °C (23.9 °F) annually. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 50% in July to 71% in January, the city averages 2,748 hours of bright sunshine annually.

Climate data for Chaoyang City (1971−2000)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) −2.1
(28.2)		 1.9
(35.4)		 9.3
(48.7)		 18.9
(66)		 25.2
(77.4)		 28.9
(84)		 30.1
(86.2)		 29.2
(84.6)		 24.8
(76.6)		 17.6
(63.7)		 7.6
(45.7)		 0.4
(32.7)		 16.0
(60.8)
Average low °C (°F) −16.2
(2.8)		 −12.8
(9)		 −5.2
(22.6)		 4.3
(39.7)		 11.3
(52.3)		 16.6
(61.9)		 19.9
(67.8)		 17.9
(64.2)		 10.8
(51.4)		 3.3
(37.9)		 −5.3
(22.5)		 −12.8
(9)		 2.7
(36.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 1.5
(0.059)		 1.6
(0.063)		 6.5
(0.256)		 20.0
(0.787)		 42.4
(1.669)		 81.1
(3.193)		 153.8
(6.055)		 101.4
(3.992)		 44.7
(1.76)		 18.2
(0.717)		 6.5
(0.256)		 2.9
(0.114)		 480.6
(18.921)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 1.4 1.5 2.7 4.9 7.1 10.7 12.1 9.7 6.8 4.1 2.3 1.3 64.6
Average relative humidity (%) 43 38 37 38 44 59 73 74 64 53 49 46 51.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours 206.3 207.9 243.3 249.0 263.7 243.4 227.0 235.5 245.4 235.6 199.2 191.4 2,747.7
Percent possible sunshine 71 70 66 63 59 54 50 55 66 69 67 67 62
Source: China Meteorological Administration

Administrative divisions

The prefecture is divided into 7 administrative areas. There are 2 districts, 2 subordinate cities and 3 counties of which one county is an Autonomous County for the Mongolian minority.

Map
# Name Hanzi Hanyu Pinyin Population
(2003 est.)		 Area (km²) Density
(/km²)
1 Shuangta District 双塔区 Shuāngtǎ Qū 310,000 211 1,469
2 Longcheng District 龙城区 Lóngchéng Qū 170,000 346 491
3 Beipiao City 北票市 Běipiào Shì 620,000 4,583 135
4 Lingyuan 凌源市 Língyuán Shì 650,000 3,297 197
5 Chaoyang County 朝阳县 Cháoyáng Xiàn 620,000 4,216 147
6 Jianping County 建平县 Jiànpíng Xiàn 580,000 4,838 120
7 Harqin Left Wing Mongolian
Autonomous County		 喀喇沁左翼
蒙古族自治县		 Kālāqìn Zuǒyì
Měnggǔzú Zìzhìxiàn		 420,000 2,240 188

Economy

Agriculture forms the backbone of Chaoyang's economy. In addition to wheat, corn, beans, and potatoes, Chaoyang is also an important region for the growing of cotton and fruit. The city has also begun to venture into the production of shaji (sea-buckthorn berries), which have become popular in China because of their dual use as food and as medicine. Chaoyang is home to the largest man-made thicket of shaji.

Chaoyang has more than 1,600 industrial enterprises, manufacturing a wide range of products including steel, machinery, textiles, diesel engines, automobiles, and paper.[8] Lingyuan Iron and Steel Works and the Liaoning Tyre Factory are two of the largest such enterprises.

Fossils

Liaoning, and in particular Chaoyang, has become the focus of great interest in the world of palaeontology. During the 1990s, many new, unique and fascinating fossils were discovered in this region. Some of the finds have completely revolutionised our ideas of dinosaurs and shed new light on the origin of birds. Chaoyang's fossils are in the Jiufotang Formation. These fossils include: Liaoxipterus, a genus of ctenochasmatid pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous; Microraptor, a feathered dinosaur; and several early birds such as Longipteryx Chaoyangensis, Sapeornis Yanornis and Shenzhouraptor, an early bird. Insects have also been found such as Dictyoptera, a fossilised cockroach and Hymenoptera, a fossil bee, which also date to the Lower Cretaceous period. A local trade in rare fossils has developed in the wake of the finds, with an estimated sixty vendors gathering in one area, called Ancient Street.[9]

Friendship cities

References

  1. ↑ "Chaoyang geographical location". Chaoyang Government. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
  2. ↑ "Chaoyang i Liaoning". NAtional Bureau of Statistics China. Retrieved 2012-07-13.
  3. ↑ "History and Culture". Chaoyang Government. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
  4. ↑ "History and Culture". Chaoyang Government. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
  5. 1 2 Yamazaki Sōyo 山崎惣與, Manshū-koku chimei daijiten 滿洲國地名大辭典, p.556, 1941.
  6. 1 2 Borjigin Burensain ボルジギン・ブレンサイン, Harachin Tomedo imin to kingendai Mongoru shakai ハラチン・トメド移民と近現代モンゴル社会 (Mongolian immigrants from the Qaračin and Tumed areas within modern Mongolian society), Kingendai Uchi Mongoru Tōbu no henyō 近現代内モンゴル東部の変容 (Social and Cultural Change in Eastern Inner Mongolia in the Modern Period), pp. 318-345, 2007.
  7. ↑ "Chaoyang". http://www.xzqh.org. Archived from the original on December 27, 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-15. External link in |publisher= (help)
  8. ↑ "Chaoyang". Teach in China. Archived from the original on December 30, 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
  9. ↑ Jerry Guo, "Fossils Fuel a Chinese Boom", Time, August 27, 2007
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