Charles E. Bohlen

Charles E. Bohlen
United States Ambassador to the Soviet Union
In office
April 20, 1953 – April 18, 1957
Preceded by George F. Kennan
Succeeded by Llewellyn E. Thompson
United States Ambassador to the Philippines
In office
4 June 1957 – 15 October 1959
Preceded by Albert F. Nufer
Succeeded by John D. Hickerson
United States Ambassador to France
In office
October 27, 1962 – February 9, 1968
Preceded by James M. Gavin
Succeeded by Sargent Shriver
Personal details
Born Charles Eustis Bohlen
(1904-08-30)August 30, 1904
Clayton, New York, U.S.
Died January 1, 1974(1974-01-01) (aged 69)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Resting place Laurel Hill Cemetery
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Spouse(s) Avis Howard Thayer Bohlen
Children Avis T.
Charles E., Jr.
Celestine E. Bohlen
Alma mater Harvard University

Charles Eustis “Chip” Bohlen (August 30, 1904 – January 1, 1974) was a Soviet expert and United States diplomat from 1929 to 1969, serving in Moscow before, during, and after World War II, succeeding George F. Kennan as United States Ambassador to the Soviet Union (1953–1957). He then became ambassador to the Philippines (1957–1959) and to France (1962–1968). He was an exemplar of those nonpartisan foreign policy advisers who came to be known colloquially as "The Wise Men."

Early life

Bohlen was born in Clayton, New York, on August 30, 1904, to Celestine Eustis Bohlen, the daughter of senator James B. Eustis, and Charles Bohlen, a "gentleman of leisure". The second of three Bohlen children, he acquired an interest in foreign countries while traveling Europe as a boy.[1]

Bohlen graduated from Harvard College in 1927. Bohlen's great-great-uncle was American Civil War general Henry Bohlen, born 1810, the first foreign-born (German) Union general in the Civil War and grandfather of Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach (who used the name Krupp after marrying Bertha Krupp, heiress of the Krupp family, the German weapons makers). In this way Charles E. Bohlen was related to Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, Germany's primary weapons maker during World War II. Krupp was indicted for war crimes at the Nuremberg tribunal but illness prevented his prosecution.

Bohlen was the grandson on his mother's side of United States Senator James Biddle Eustis, ambassador to France under President Grover Cleveland.

In 1935, Bohlen married Avis Thayer. Avis Howard Thayer was born September 18, 1912, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and was the daughter of George Thayer and Gertrude Wheeler.[2] (The Avis Bohlen award was created and named for her in 1982. It is administered by the American Foreign Service Association and each year honors the Foreign Service dependent who has done the most to advance the interests of the United States.)[3] Her brother, Charles Wheeler Thayer, also a diplomat, worked closely with his brother-in-law Charles as U.S. vice-consul in Moscow.

Charles and Avis Thayer Bohlen had two daughters, Avis and Celestine, and a son, Charles Jr.[4] Their daughter, Avis, became a distinguished diplomat in her own right, serving as deputy chief of mission in Paris, US ambassador to Bulgaria, and US assistant secretary of state for arms control. Bohlen's other daughter, Celestine, became a journalist and has been a Moscow-based reporter for The New York Times.

Diplomatic career

Charles Bohlen (on right) in February, 1945

Bohlen joined the State Department in 1929, learned Russian and became a Soviet specialist, working first in Riga, Latvia. In 1934, aged 30, he joined the staff of the embassy in Moscow.

On the morning of August 24, 1939, he visited the Third Reich diplomat Hans von Herwarth and received the full content of the secret protocol to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, signed the day before.[5] The secret protocol contained an understanding between Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin to split Central Europe, the Baltic region, and Finland between their nations. U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt was urgently informed. The United States did not convey this information to any of the concerned governments in Europe. A week later the plan was realized with the German invasion of Poland, and World War II started.

The Secretary of State James F. Byrnes support consults with the advisors in preparation for Potsdam Conference in Germany. L to R, from the left, Charles E. Bohlen on July 12, 1945.

In 1940–41 he worked in the American embassy in Tokyo and was interned for six months before release by the Japanese in mid-1942. He then worked on Soviet issues in the State Department during the war, accompanying Harry Hopkins on missions to Joseph Stalin in Moscow. He worked closely with President Franklin D. Roosevelt and was Roosevelt's interpreter at the Tehran Conference (1943) and the Yalta Conference (1945).

Bohlen, criticized by some of the hawks in the American congress, paid close attention to public opinion, believing domestic influence in a democracy was inevitable.[6] When George C. Marshall became Secretary of State in 1947, Bohlen became a key adviser to American President Harry Truman.

In 1946, he disagreed with his friend and mentor, Ambassador George F. Kennan, as to how to deal with the Soviets.[7] Kennan proposed a strategy of containment of Soviet expansion, while Bohlen was more cautious and recommended accommodation, i.e., allowing Stalin to have a sphere of influence in Eastern Europe without US disturbance.

Ambassador Kennan, declared persona non grata for some declarations about the Soviet republics in Berlin in September 1952, would not be allowed to return to Russia. Oversight of the embassy was then awarded Chargé d´Affaires Jacob Beam. On 20 January 1953, Dwight D. Eisenhower became US president. When Stalin died in March 1953, the post of US ambassador was still empty and the embassy still being led by Beam.

But in April 1953, President Eisenhower named Bohlen ambassador to the Soviet Union. He was confirmed by a vote of 74–13 despite criticisms from Senator Joe McCarthy, who had also criticized Bohlen's brother-in-law, also an affiliate of the US embassy in Moscow, Charles W. Thayer.

Bohlen proved unable to sustain good relationships with Soviet leaders or with Secretary of State John Foster Dulles.. He was demoted on 18 April 1957 by Eisenhower after Dulles forced his resignation.

Charles E. Bohlen later served as ambassador to the Philippines (4 June 1957 – 15 October 1959). He was also ambassador to France (1963–1968) under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson and retired from the foreign service in January 1969.

According to JFK advisor Theodore Sorensen, Bohlen participated in early discussions surrounding the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962. However, to everyone's surprise he kept reservations aboard an ocean liner that would take him to his Paris post as ambassador, rather than waiting until after the crisis had been resolved. He was thus absent for most of what was arguably the most important confrontation between the two superpowers during the Cold War period. He was a consultant in 1968–69 to the transition at the State Department from Secretary of State Dean Rusk to President Nixon's first Secretary of State, William P. Rogers.

Death and legacy

Bohlen died of pancreatic cancer at his home in Washington, D.C. on January 1, 1974, at the age of 69. His funeral services at Washington National Cathedral on January 4, 1974, were followed by burial at historic Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

In May 2006, Bohlen was featured on a United States postage stamp, one of a group of six prominent diplomats honored at that time.[8]

Cited references

  1. ↑ Charles E. Bohlen, Witness to History, 1929–1969, New York: Norton, 1973, p.4.
  2. ↑ "Bohlen, Avis Howard Thayer, 1912–1981.".
  3. ↑ "AFSA Awards".
  4. ↑ Charles E. Bohlen, Witness to History, 1929–1969, New York: Norton, 1973, p.37-38, 100, 270, 297.
  5. ↑ Charles Bohlen, Witness to History: 1929–1969 Norton, 1973, ISBN 0-393-07476-5
  6. ↑ T. Michael Reddy, "Charles E. Bohlen: Political Realist," in Perspectives in American Diplomacy, ed. Jules Davids, New York: Arno Press, 1976.
  7. ↑ Harper, John L. Harper, "Friends, Not Allies: George F. Kennan and Charles E. Bohlen," World Policy Journal 1995 12(2): 77-88. ISSN 0740-2775 Fulltext: in Ebsco
  8. ↑ "Six distinguished diplomats honored on U.S. postage stamps" (Press release). United States Postal Service. 2006-05-30. Retrieved 2008-07-17. A renowned expert on the Soviet Union, Charles E. Bohlen helped to shape foreign policy during World War II and the Cold War. He was present at key wartime meetings with the Soviets, he served as ambassador to Moscow during the 1950s and advised every U.S. president between 1943 and 1968.
    and Charles E. Bohlen – U.S. Postage Stamps Commemorate Distinguished American Diplomats, US Department of State
    and William J. Gicker, ed. (2006). "Distinguished American Diplomats 39¢". USA Philatelic (print) 11 (3): 14.

Further reading

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