Charlotte Riefenstahl

Charlotte Riefenstahl (24 May 1899 in Bielefeld, Germany – 6 January 1993 in Northfield, Minnesota, USA ) was a German physicist. She has no relation to Leni Riefenstahl, the notable German filmmaker.[1]

Education

Riefenstahl began her studies at the Georg-August University of Göttingen in 1922, where her teachers included, among others, Max Born, Richard Courant, James Franck, David Hilbert, Emmy Noether, Robert Pohl, and Carl Runge. She received her doctorate under Gustav Heinrich Johann Apollon Tammann [2] in 1927,[3] the same year as Robert Oppenheimer, under Born, and Fritz Houtermans, under Franck. She was courted by both Oppenheimer and Houtermans.[4][5]

Career

Riefenstahl taught and was a research assistant at Vassar College.[6]

In 1930, Riefenstahl left Vassar and went back to Germany. During a physics conference at the Black Sea resort of Batumi, Riefenstahl and Houtermans were married in August 1930, with Wolfgang Pauli and Rudolf Peierls as witnesses to the ceremony.[7][8][9] (Three other references cite the year as being 1931.[4][10][11]) After Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, Charlotte Houtermans insisted that they leave Germany. They went to Great Britain, near Cambridge.[12] Max von Laue was the last to send them off, as he entrusted Charlotte with messages for friends abroad.[13] In 1935, Charlotte and Fritz left England for the Soviet Union, as Fritz accepted a job in Khar’kov. In 1937, he was arrested by the NKVD and imprisoned. Charlotte managed to escape to Denmark and eventually went back to England and then on to the USA.[14]

Charlotte was the first and third wife to Fritz Houtermans in four marriages. They were divorced in 1943, due to a new law in Germany and enforced wartime separation. They were again married in August 1953, with Pauli again standing as a witness; the marriage ended after only a few months. They had two children during their first marriage, Giovanna and Jan.[4][5][10][15][16][17][18][19]

Literature

Books

Bibliography

External links

Notes

  1. ↑ Hentschel, Ann M., 2005, 127.
  2. ↑ Gustav Tammann – A Russian chemist who helped found the science of metallurgy, not to be confused with Gustav Tammann.
  3. ↑ As cited in Charlotte Riefenstahl – Nernst Memorial Website: Riefenstahl, Charlotte. Thesis title: Über den Walzvorgang und die Rekristallisation beim Silber und Gold. Die Änderung des elektrischen Widerstandes bei den selbsthärtenden Legierungen Blei-Quecksilber und Blei-Natrium. Georg-August University of Göttingen, 1927, under Gustav Heinrich Johann Apollon Tammann.
  4. 1 2 3 Bird, 2005, 63 and 69.
  5. 1 2 Charlotte Riefenstahl – Nernst Memorial Website
  6. ↑ Riefenstahl is cited as a “Research Assistant in Physics” in Monica Healea and Charlotte Houtermans The Relative Secondary Electron Emission Due to He, Ne, and A Ions Bombarding a Hot Nickel Target, Phys. Rev. Volume 58, Number 7, 608 - 610 (1940).
  7. ↑ Landrock, 2003, 190.
  8. ↑ Charlotte Riefenstahl - Nernst Memorial Website
  9. ↑ Hentschel, Ann M., 2005, 124.
  10. 1 2 Houtermans Biography – Wolfram
  11. ↑ Powers, 1993, 85.
  12. ↑ Biography: Fritz Houtermans – Wolfram
  13. ↑ Powers, 1993, 86.
  14. ↑ Khriplovich, 1992, 33.
  15. ↑ Hentschel, Ann M., 2005, 124 (continuation of footnote) and 127.
  16. ↑ Landrock, 2003, 196-198.
  17. ↑ Fritz Houtermans Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  18. ↑ Landrock, 2005, 196.
  19. ↑ Khriplovich, 1992, 32.
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