Chiang Kai-shek rifle

Type 24 / Type Zhongzheng

Type Zhongzheng rifle/Type 24 rifle
Type Bolt action rifle
Place of origin Republic of China (1912–49)
Service history
In service 1935–1980s
Used by National Revolutionary Army, Chinese Red Army, various Chinese Warlords
Wars Second Sino-Japanese War,
Chinese Civil War,
Korean War
Production history
Designed 1935[1]
Manufacturer Kunghsien, Hanyang, Jinglin and Canton Arsenals
Produced 1935–1950
Number built 500,000–600,000[1]
Variants Chiang Kai-shek rifle Type 1, Chiang Kai-shek rifle Type 2
Specifications
Weight 4.08 kg (9.0 lb)
Length 1,110 mm (44 in)
Barrel length 600 mm (24 in)
Cartridge 8×57mm IS
Action Bolt action
Rate of fire 15 rounds per minute
Muzzle velocity 810 m/s (2,657 ft/s)
Effective firing range 500 m (550 yd)
Feed system 5-round stripper clip, internal magazine

The Type Zhongzheng rifle (中正式), also known as the Chiang Kai-shek/Jiang Jieshi Rifle, Generalissimo Rifle, and Type 24 (二四式) after the Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, was a Chinese-made copy of the German Mauser M1924, the forerunner of the Karabiner 98k. Pre-production of the Chiang Kai-shek rifle started in August 1935 (year 24 of the Republican calendar, hence the Type 24). It was later renamed the Type Zhongzheng and was in full-scale production as early as late 1935. It was designated the Type 79 by the Chinese Communists and would often have the ideograph of Chiang defaced by them.[1] Although the Hanyang 88 rifle was produced in greater numbers than the Type Zhongzheng, the full standardization of the Type Zhongzheng rifle only started during the Second Sino-Japanese war.

In a ten-year period, over half a million weapons were produced. The weapon's last major war was in Korea (1950–53).

Service history

The Chinese Chiang Kai-shek rifle
Chinese Red Army soldiers using Type 24 rifles during the Huai-Hai Campaign of the Chinese Civil War
A National Revolutionary Army soldier armed with a Type 24 rifle guarding P-40 fighter planes

The weapon served as one of the main battle rifles for the Chinese National Revolutionary Army (NRA, or Nationalists). Like the Karabiner 98k, it was a shortened and lightened version of the Gewehr 98, specifically, a copy of the Oberndorf Export Mauser named Standard Modell of 1933, which was sold to China in some quantities and provided to Chiang's best troops before the Germans provided the tooling to make the Type 24 in China. The quality of the weapon varied from arsenal to arsenal, but all German made Standard Modells of 1933 or 1934 pattern were first rate except for some 98k Mausers factory rejects which China bought after the Wehrmacht refused them. Some Chinese-made Type 24s were of excellent quality while others were crudely made. Although it entered service in 1935, China's limited industrial capacity meant that it was built in relatively low numbers. As the war progressed, however, China's industry in western cities like Chongqing and Kunming allowed more and more of these rifles to be produced. Production was largely unaffected during the Bombing of Chongqing because many of the machines had been moved underground.[2] Roughly speaking, during the war, the rifle was only used by the non-German trained units of the Central Chinese Military, which was the core of the NRA. The German-trained units used a very similar weapon, the Mauser Model 98k Carbine. By the 1950s, the Type Zhongzheng rifle was phased out in favor of superior American aid equipment, such as the semiautomatic M1 Garand, M1 carbine, and Thompson submachine gun for the Nationalists. The Type Zhongzheng Rifle (along with the American M1 Garand) is still used by the ROC Army as a ceremonial/parade rifle to this very day.

The major advantage of the Type Zhongzheng over the Arisaka was that it had better stopping power with the use of 8mm Mauser rounds; the rifle also had a better rate of fire and a greater range than the Arisaka. The weapon was shorter, (similar in length to the Karabiner 98k) when compared with the Gewehr 98 and the Arisaka Type 38.

A total of between 500,000 and 600,000 weapons were produced between 1935 and 1945. The rifle saw its last war in the hands of the People's Volunteer Army against UN forces during the Korean War.[3]

Together with the Mauser C96 handgun and the M35 Helmet, these weapons have become recognizable features of the Generalissimo's National Revolutionary Army and the Chinese army during China's turbulent early 20th century. In an ironic twist, the rifle, although named after Chiang Kai-shek and used by his Nationalists, was also used by the Communists during the Chinese Civil War.

Chinese Sergeant Tung Chih Yeh claimed to have shot and killed over 100 Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) soldiers using a Chiang Kai-shek rifle with and without a scope in the Yangtze area.[4]

The rifle can have a HY1935 bayonet attached, replacing the Dadao (a Chinese single-edged curved sword). Some divisions and guerrilla militias who did not receive any modern weapons continued using the dadao for close combat.

The Chinese People's Militia and smaller local paramilitaries were using Chiang Kai-shek rifles (as well as Arisakas and Mosin–Nagants) up until 1980 before it became a supplemental ceremonial weapon (the main ceremonial rifle is the SKS) for the People's Liberation Army to the present day. Many of these rifles (along with other PLA and People's Militia small arms) were used by various Red Guard factions during the Cultural Revolution in the mid- to late 1960s.

Variants

There are two variants of Chiang Kai-shek rifle:[5]

  1. The Type 1 has a longer barrel and foregrip.
  2. The Type 2 has a shorter barrel and foregrip with a turned-down bolt handle

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 奋战八年－－中正式步骑枪. Retrieved on August 2, 2008. (Simplified Chinese)
  2. ↑ A series of information films, Why We Fight: The Battle of China
  3. ↑ "Mauser" Chiang Kai Shek. Retrieved on August 3, 2008. (Italian)
  4. ↑ Osprey Men-at-Arms 424 : The Chinese Army 1937-1949 : World War II and Civil War
  5. ↑ World War II Chinese Army. Retrieved on November 23, 2008.

External links

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