Chin

This article is about the part of the face. For other uses, see Chin (disambiguation).
Chin

Chin or mental region labeled in purple
Details
Artery Inferior alveolar artery
Nerve Mental nerve
Identifiers
Latin Mentum
MeSH A01.456.505.259
Dorlands
/Elsevier		 12232781
TA A01.1.00.011
FMA 46495

Anatomical terminology

The chin or the mental region is the area of the face below the lower lip and including the mandibular prominence.[1] It tends to be smaller and more rounded in human females, while bigger and more square in human males.[2] It is formed by the lower front of the mandible. In humans there is a wide variety of chin structures, e.g. cleft chin.

In human evolution, the chin is a cladistic apomorphy, partially defining anatomically modern humans as distinct from archaic forms. Non-human anthropoid apes have a simian shelf for example. Elephants are the only other animals considered to display such a feature,[3] although this leads to debate over the use of the term.[4]

The chin emerged during the Middle and Late Pleistocene, but its origin and biomechanical significance are the subjects of controversy.[5] Prominent hypotheses include buttressing the jaw against stresses resulting from speech[5] or chewing[6] as well as simple sexual selection through mate choice.[7] With the advent of more advanced computational facilities, finite element analyses have been used to support hypotheses involving mechanical stress.[8] On the other hand, increased availability of data regarding sexual dimorphism in chins has also lent support to the sexual selection hypothesis as sexual dimorphism is more difficult to explain under other regimes.[7] It is possible that multiple causal factors have played a role in the chin's evolution.[9]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Full Definition of chin". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2015-09-22.
  2. ↑ O'Loughlin, Michael McKinley, Valerie Dean (2006). Human anatomy. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. pp. 400–401. ISBN 0072495855.
  3. ↑ Enlow, Donald H. (1982). Handbook of facial growth. Philadelphia: Saunders. p. 283. ISBN 0721633862. In the human mandible, a prominent chin marks this region, a distinctive feature that characterizes the face of modern man (and also, for reasons yet to be studied, the elephant).
  4. ↑ Schwartz, Jeffrey H. (2000). "The human chin revisited: what is it and who has it?". Journal of Human Evolution 38 (3): 402. doi:10.1006/jhev.1999.0339. PMID 10683306. When humans and elephants can both be described as having chins, it is probably time to reconsider the applicability of the term.
  5. 1 2 Ichim, Ionut; Jules Kieser; Michael Swain (2007). "Tongue contractions during speech may have led to the development of the bony geometry of the chin following the evolution of human language: A mechanobiological hypothesis for the development of the human chin". Medical Hypotheses 69 (1): 20–24. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2006.11.048.
  6. ↑ Daegling, David J. (1993). "Functional morphology of the human chin". Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 1 (5): 170–177. doi:10.1002/evan.1360010506.
  7. 1 2 Thayer, Zaneta M.; Seth D. Dobson (2010). "Sexual dimorphism in chin shape: Implications for adaptive hypotheses". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 143 (3): 417–425. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21330.
  8. ↑ Gröning, Flora; Jia Liu; Michael J. Fagan; Paul O'Higgins (2011). "Why do humans have chins? Testing the mechanical significance of modern human symphyseal morphology with finite element analysis". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 144 (4): 593–606. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21447.
  9. ↑ Wayman, Erin. "Why Do Humans Have Chins?". Smithsonian magazine — Hominid Hunting. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2012-12-22.
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