Chiropractic education

Founded in 1945, the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Chiropractic education trains future chiropractors. The entry criteria, structure, teaching methodology and nature of chiropractic programs offered at chiropractic schools vary considerably around the world.[1]

Regardless of the model of education utilized, prospective chiropractors without relevant prior health care education or experience, must spend no less than 4200 student/teacher contact hours (or the equivalent) in four years of full‐time education. This includes a minimum of 1000 hours of supervised clinical training.[2]

Chiropractic career

According to market watch chiropractic was recently ranked in the top ten professions for job security. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/10-professions-with-the-best-job-security-2015-03-20?page=11

No public universities in the United States of America have an affiliated college of chiropractic. Currently all programs exist in private university affiliated colleges.

International degrees in Chiropractic

Degree Full Name Country in which it is awarded
B.App.Sc. (clin). & B.C.Sc. Bachelor of Applied Science (Clinical Science) & Bachelor of Chiropractic Science Japan
B.Sc. (chiro) & B.C. Bachelor of Science (Chiropractic) & Bachelor of Chiropractic Australia, Japan
B.App.Sc. (Compl) & M.Clin.Chiro. Bachelor of Applied Science (Complementary Medicine) & Master of Clinical Chiropractic Australia
B.Chiro. Bachelor of Chiropractic New Zealand
B.Chiro. & M.Chiro Bachelor of Chiropractic & Master of Chiropractic Australia
B.Sc. (Hons) Chiro Bachelor of Science (Hons) Chiropractic Malaysia
B.Tech. (chiro) and M.Tech. (chiro) Bachelor in Technology (Chiropractic) & Master in Technology (Chiropractic) South Africa
D.C. Doctor of Chiropractic Brazil, Canada, France, Japan, Mexico, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, United States
M.C. or M.Chiro. Master of Chiropractic or Master in Chiropractic Australia, Switzerland, UK
M.C.B. Master in Clinical Biomechanics Denmark
M.Tech. (chiro) Master in Technology, Chiropractic South Africa

Licensure and regulation

Regulations for chiropractic practice vary considerably from country to country. In some countries, such as. the United States of America, Canada and some European countries, chiropractic has been legally recognized and formal university degrees have been established. In these countries, the profession is regulated and the prescribed educational qualifications are generally consistent, satisfying the requirements of the respective accrediting agencies. However, many countries have not yet developed chiropractic education or established laws to regulate the qualified practice of chiropractic. In addition, in some countries, other qualified health professionals and lay practitioners may use techniques of spinal manipulation and claim to provide chiropractic services, although they may not have received chiropractic training in an accredited program.

Chiropractic is governed internationally by the Councils on Chiropractic Education International (CCEI). This body is recognized by the World Federation of Chiropractic and the World Health Organization as the accrediting agency for schools of chiropractic around the world.[1] The minimum prerequisite for enrollment in a chiropractic college set forth by the CCEI is 90 semester hours, and the minimum cumulative GPA for a student entering is 3.0 on a 4.0 scale. Common prerequisite classes include those of the biological, chemical, & physical sciences, including: human anatomy and physiology, embryology, genetics, microbiology, immunology, cellular biology, exercise physiology, kinesiology, general chemistry, organic chemistry, analytical chemistry, biochemistry, toxicology/pharmacology, nutrition, nuclear medicine, physics, biomechanics, and statistics.[3] Chiropractic programs require at least 4,200 hours of combined classroom, laboratory, and clinical experience.

Australia

In Australia, a minimum of five years' worth of chiropractic education is needed before one may register as a practicing chiropractor. Chiropractic is taught at four public universities: RMIT in Melbourne, Murdoch University in Perth, Macquarie University in Sydney and new in 2012 Central Queensland University in Mackay. The RMIT, UCQ and Macquarie programs graduate chiropractors with a bachelor's degree followed by a master's degree while Murdoch University graduates attain a double bachelor's degree, any of which is necessary for registration with state registration boards.

A graduate of RMIT will have attained a Bachelor of Applied Science (Chiropractic) and a Master of Clinical Chiropractic.[4] Similarly, a typical graduate of Macquarie University will have a Bachelor of Chiropractic Science followed by a Master of Chiropractic.[5] Murdoch University graduates possess the double-degree of Bachelor of Science (Chiropractic Science) / Bachelor of Chiropractic.[6] Students at University of Central Queensland graduate with a Bachelor of Science (Chiropractic) followed by a Master of Chiropractic Science.[7]

Canada

There are currently two schools of chiropractic in Canada: Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, in Toronto, Ontario and the Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, in Trois-Rivieres, Quebec. Both programs are fully accredited by the Canadian Federation of Chiropractic Regulatory and Educational Accrediting Boards.[8] In 2010, the majority of students (87%) entering the CMCC program had completed a baccalaureate university degree, and approximately 3% have a graduate degree.[9] The CMCC program is a privately funded institution and requires four years of full-time study, including a 12-month clinical internship.[10] The UQTR and CMCC programs both include courses in anatomy, biochemistry, embryology, immunology, microbiology, neurology, clinical nutrition, pathology, physiology, principles of chiropractic, radiology, and other basic and clinical medical sciences.[11]

Pilot projects involving doctors of chiropractic in hospital emergency rooms in the province of Ontario are underway.[12] Canadian Chiropractic Examining Board requires all candidates to complete a 12-month clinical internship to obtain licensure, as well as write a total of three exams in their fourth year of study. Candidates must successfully pass Components A and B (Written Cognitive Skills Examination) to be eligible for the Clinical Skills Examination.[13] Canadian accrediting standards are higher than the United States, and admission requirements into the Doctorate of Chiropractic Degree program are the strictest in North America.[14]

Germany

There are no accredited chiropractic schools in Germany. Chiropractors that are qualified abroad need a license as physician or healing practitioner "Heilpraktiker". In the past the authorities demanded a general examination to obtain the license as Heilpraktiker. In recent rulings German courts decided that the graduation of an accredited school of chiropractic and professional experience abroad has to be recognized to obtain the license as Heilpraktiker limited to the field of chiropractic.[15]

South Africa

In South Africa (SA) there are two schools offering chiropractic: the Durban Institute of Technology and the University of Johannesburg.[16] Both offer a 6-year full-time course leading to a Masters of Technology (M.Tech) in Chiropractic; the course comprises two years of basic sciences followed by four years specialising in chiropractic, and incorporates a research dissertation. In order to practice in SA chiropractors are required to complete an internship, and must be registered with the Allied Health Professions Council of SA (AHPCSA) the relevant governmental statutory body. Membership of the Chiropractic Association of SA (CASA) is voluntary; CASA is the profession's sole national association and aims to promote Chiropractic through publications in newspaper, interviews, internet and other public inquiries.

United Kingdom

In 1993, HRH Princess Diana visited the Anglo-European College of Chiropractic and became its patron. She also appeared at a news conference that launched a report calling for legislation to prevent unqualified individuals from practicing Chiropractic in the UK.[17] In 1994, Parliament passed legislation regulating the practice of Chiropractic, like other health care professions, and creating the General Chiropractic Council as the regulatory board. Since that time, it is illegal to call oneself a Chiropractor in the UK without being registered with the General Chiropractic Council.[18] There are three UK chiropractic colleges with chiropractic courses recognised by the General Chiropractic Council (GCC), the statutory governmental body responsible for the regulation of chiropractic in the UK.[19]

The McTimoney College of Chiropractic offers an Undergraduate master's degree in human Chiropractic and two post-graduate Masters programmes in Animal Manipulation, plus a masters in Paediatric Chiropractic[20] The Anglo-European College of Chiropractic graduates chiropractors with an undergraduate master's degree (MChiro). The WIOC has also recently changed from a Bsc to an Mchiro programme.

It is a legal requirement that all chiropractors in the UK register with the GCC to practice. A minimum of 30 hours per annum Continuing Professional Development is required to retain registration.[21]

United States

Graduates of chiropractic schools receive the degree Doctor of Chiropractic (DC), and are eligible to seek licensure in all jurisdictions. The Council on Chiropractic Education (CCE) sets minimum guidelines for chiropractic colleges;[22] all 18 chiropractic institutions are accredited by the CCE. The minimum prerequisite for enrollment in a chiropractic college set forth by the CCE is 90 semester hours, and the minimum cumulative GPA for a student entering is 2.8 on a 4.0 scale.[23] Common prerequisite classes include those of the biological, chemical, and physical sciences, including: human anatomy and physiology, embryology, genetics, microbiology, immunology, cellular biology, exercise physiology, kinesiology, general chemistry, organic chemistry, analytical chemistry, biochemistry, toxicology/pharmacology, nutrition, nuclear medicine, physics, biomechanics, and statistics.[24] In 1997, American chiropractic schools tended to have lower entry requirements than medical or dental schools.[25] In 2005, only one chiropractic college required a bachelor's degree as an admission requirement.[26]

Accreditation

Chiropractic is governed internationally by the Councils on Chiropractic Education International (CCEI). This body is officially recognized by the World Federation of Chiropractic and the World Health Organization as the accrediting agency for schools of chiropractic around the world.

In 2005, in efforts to improve consistency and equivalency in chiropractic training, the WHO published basic training and safety guidelines to provide international minimum requirements for chiropractic education and to serve as a reference for national authorities in establishing an examination and licensing system for the qualified practice of chiropractic.[1]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Basic training and safety in chiropractic". World Health Organization. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
  2. ↑ World Health Organization (2005). "WHO guidelines on basic training and safety in chiropractic" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-03-03.
  3. ↑ "Admissions Requirements - D.C". Palmer.edu. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  4. ↑ "Bachelor of Health Science (Chiropractic)". rmit.edu.au.
  5. ↑ "Macquarie University Department of Chiropractic". chiro.mq.edu.au.
  6. ↑ "Murdoch University in Perth Australia". murdoch.edu.au.
  7. ↑ "CQU - Bachelor of Science (Chiropractic)". cqu.edu.au.
  8. ↑ "Accreditation of Educational Programmes". Canadian Federation of Chiropractic Regulatory and Educational Accrediting Boards. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
  9. ↑ "An Overview of CMCC Admissions - Shortcuts: Admissions Brochure". Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College. Retrieved 2011-08-21.
  10. ↑ "Undergraduate education". Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College. Retrieved 2011-08-21.
  11. ↑ "Becoming a Chiropractor". Ontario Chiropractic Association. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
  12. ↑ "Chiropractic Services". St. Michael's Health Centre. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
  13. ↑ "Canadian Chiropractic Examining Board". cceb.ca.
  14. ↑ "G037 - Wed 29 Nov 2000 / Mer 29 nov 2000". ontla.on.ca. Archived from the original on 11 May 2003.
  15. ↑ "October 17, 2014 « ACLANZ". aclanz.de.
  16. ↑ "CASA : Student Info". Retrieved 2009-10-19.
  17. ↑ Staff (June 18, 1993). "Chiropractic Report Calls for Registry of DCs in United Kingdom". Dynamic Chiropractic 11 (13).
  18. ↑ "Regulation of chiropractic". Retrieved 2009-02-12.
  19. ↑ "Home Redirect - Contact Us - Website - GCC". gcc-uk.org.
  20. ↑ "McTimoney College Prospectus". mctimoney-college.ac.uk.
  21. ↑ "Home Redirect - Contact Us - Website - GCC". gcc-uk.org.
  22. ↑ Council on Chiropractic Education (2007). "Standards for Doctor of Chiropractic Programs and Requirements for Institutional Status" (PDF).
  23. ↑ Council on Chiropractic Education (2007). "Standards for Doctor of Chiropractic Programs and Requirements for Institutional Status" (PDF). p. 22.
  24. ↑ "Admissions Requirements - D.C". Palmer.edu. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  25. ↑ Cherkin; Mootz (1997). "Chiropractic in the United States: Training, Practice, and Research" (PDF). p. 19. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  26. ↑ Wyatt, Lawrence H; Stephen M Perle; Donald R Murphy; Thomas E Hyde (2005-07-07). "The necessary future of chiropractic education: a North American perspective". Chiropractic & Osteopathy 13 (10): 10. doi:10.1186/1746-1340-13-10. PMC 1181629. PMID 16001976.
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