Chlorinated paraffins
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are complex mixtures of polychlorinated n-alkanes. The chlorination degree of CPs can vary between 30 and 70 wt%. CPs are subdivided according to their carbon chain length into short chain CPs (SCCPs, C10–13), medium chain CPs (MCCPs, C14–17) and long chain CPs (LCCPs, C>17). Depending on chain length and chlorine content, CPs are colorless or yellowish liquids or solids.
Industrial applications
Production of CPs for industrial use started in the 1930s.[1] Currently, over 200 CP formulations are in use for a wide range of industrial applications, such as flame retardants and plasticisers, as additives in metal working fluids, in sealants, paints, adhesives, textiles, leather fat and coatings.[2]
Safety
Short chain CPs are classified as persistent and their physical properties (octanol-water partition coefficient logKOW 4.4–8, depending on the chlorination degree) imply a high potential for bioaccumulation. Furthermore, SCCPs are classified as toxic to aquatic organisms, and carcinogenic to rats and mice. SCCPs (average chain-length of C12, chlorination degree 60 wt%) were categorised in group 2B as possibly carcinogenic to humans from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).[3] A global ban on SCCPs is being considered under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.
References
- ↑ Kenne 1996.
- ↑ De Boer 2010, p. 9.
- ↑ IARC 1990, p. 70.
Sources
- De Boer J., El-Sayed Ali T., Fiedler H., Legler J., Muir D. C., Nikiforov V. A., Tomy G. T., Tsunemi, K. The handbook of environmental chemistry 10: Chlorinated paraffins. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-642-10760-3
- "Chlorinated paraffins" (PDF). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 48: 55–72. 1990. ISBN 978-92-832-1248-5. PMID 2197463.
- Kenne, Kerstin; Ahlborg, Ulf G (1996). Chlorinated paraffins, IPCS, Environmental Health Criteria 181; Geneva: World Health Organization. ISBN 9241571810
Further reading
- Bayen, Stéphane; Obbard, Jeffrey Philip; Thomas, Gareth O. (2006). "Chlorinated paraffins: A review of analysis and environmental occurrence". Environment International 32 (7): 915–29. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2006.05.009. PMID 16814386.
- Brooke, DM; Crookes, MJ; Merckel, MD (2009). Environmental risk assessment: long-chain chlorinated paraffins, Bristol, UK: Environment Agency
- Cherrie, J. W.; Semple, S. (2009). "Dermal Exposure to Metalworking Fluids and Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffin (MCCP)". Annals of Occupational Hygiene 54 (2): 228–35. doi:10.1093/annhyg/mep081. PMID 19959560.
- European Chemicals Bureau (2000). European Union Risk assessment report Vol. 4: Alkanes, C10-13,chloro, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Community
- European Chemicals Bureau (2008). European Union Risk assessment report Vol. 81: Alkanes, C10-13,chloro (update), Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Community
- European Chemicals Bureau (2005). European Union Risk assessment report Vol. 58: Alkanes, C14-17,chloro (MCCP), Part I-Environment, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Community
- European Commission (2011). European Union Risk assessment report: Alkanes, C14-17,chloro; Addendum to the final report (2007) of the risk assessment - Environment part. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Community
- European Commission (2011). European Union Risk assessment report: Alkanes, C14-17,chloro (MCCP), Part II-Human Health, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Community
- Pellizzato, Francesca; Ricci, Marina; Held, Andrea; Emons, Hendrik (2007). "Analysis of short-chain chlorinated paraffins: A discussion paper". Journal of Environmental Monitoring 9 (9): 924–30. doi:10.1039/b710053a. PMID 17726552.
- Tolbert, Paige E. (1997). "Oils and Cancer". Cancer Causes & Control 8 (3): 386–405. doi:10.1023/A:1018409422050. JSTOR 3552699. PMID 9498901.
External links
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