ChÅsen gakkÅ
ChÅsen gakkÅ (Japanese: æœé®®å¦æ ¡ ChÅsen gakkÅ; Korean: ì¡°ì„ í•™êµ) is school located in Japan that teaches Koreans in Japan by Chongryon. It is sponsored by North Korea and Chongryon.
ChÅsen gakkÅ is the most popular foreign school for Koreans in Japan, although it is not acknowledged as a regular school. A Korean school sponsored by South Korea and operated by Mindan has fewer students but is so acknowledged.
As of 2013 there were 73 North Korean grade schools and ten North Korean high schools in Japan.[1] As of 2014 there were about 150,000 pro-North Korea Zainichi Koreans in Japan, and they form the clientele of the North Korean schools.[2] As of 2013 the North Korea-aligned schools had almost 9,000 ethnic Korean students.[1]
There is also a North Korea-aligned university in Japan, Korea University.[1]
History
The schools were established by Koreans who were brought to Japan against their will during the pre-World War II period and during the war. Historically the North Korean government and the Chongryon provided funding for the North Korean schools in Japan. Justin McCurry of The Guardian stated that politically conservative Japanese people opposed the schools because since they believed that "a group that blatantly proclaims its loyalty to an unfriendly regime" should not receive the same treatment as the traditional Japanese education system.[2]
The schools received increasing support in the 1950s and 1960s since many Koreans in Japan sided with the Chongryon; at the time North Korea appeared to have good economic prospects.[1]
Beginning in 2010 and by 2014 increasing tensions between the Japanese and North Korean governments caused Japanese cities and prefectures to end subsidies to North Korean schools.[2] In the fiscal year of 2011 the Osaka Prefectural Government ended subsidies to a North Korean educational corporation which operates ten schools.[3]
The Japanese central government also took measures against the schools. In 2010 it prevented North Korean high schools from being a part of a tuition free waiver program.[2] In February 2013 the Japanese central government, citing the development of the North Korean nuclear program and a lack of cooperation regarding the North Korean abductions of Japanese citizens,[3] officially declared that North Korean schools may not be a part of the tuition waiver program.[2]
The January 2013 passage of United Nations Security Council Resolution 2087, which increased sanctions against North Korea, caused North Korean government support for the schools to erode.[2]
By 2014 the loss of funding put many North Korean schools in financial peril.[2]
Operations
In 2014 Institute of Contemporary Asian Studies at Temple University in Tokyo director Robert Dujarric stated that the North Korean government uses the North Korea-aligned schools as a means to propagandize, and Takushoku University professor Hideshi Takesada stated that the schools teach obedience to Kim Jong-un and uses "very ideological" curriculum.[4]
As of 2013 many schools use their own curriculum distinct from that of North Korean curriculum. The schools' teachers generally write their own textbooks.[1]
Around 2003 many North Korean primary and junior high schools removed portraits of the Kim Il-sung family from the classrooms due to a belief that such portraits were not appropriate for small children.[1] In 2014 Kim Chol, the principal of a Chongryon elementary school in Ikuno-ku, Osaka, stated that most North Korean-aligned schools in Japan no longer display portraits of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il since the schools wanted to attract more students and because many parents had different political ideas.[3]
Schools
- Aichi Prefecture
- Aichi Korean Middle and High School
- Aichi No. 7 Korean Primary School (愛知æœé®®ç¬¬ä¸ƒåˆç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Nagoya Korean Primary School (åå¤å±‹æœé®®åˆç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Toshun Korean Elementary School & Kindergarten (æ±æ˜¥æœé®®åˆç´šå¦æ ¡) - Formerly had junior high school classes[6]
- Toyohashi Korean Primary School (豊橋æœé®®åˆç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Chiba Prefecture
- Ehime Prefecture
- Shikoku Korean Elementary and Junior High School (四国æœé®®åˆä¸ç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Fukui Prefecture
- Hokuriku Korean Elementary and Junior High School (北陸æœé®®åˆä¸ç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Fukuoka Prefecture
- Kyushu Korean Junior-Senior High School
- Kitakyushu Korean Elementary School (北ä¹å·žæœé®®åˆç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Fukuoka Korean Elementary School (ç¦å²¡æœé®®åˆç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Kokura Korean Kindergarten (å°å€‰æœé®®å¹¼ç¨šåœ’) - Kitakyushu
- Fukushima Prefecture
- Fukushima Korean School (ç¦å³¶æœé®®åˆä¸ç´šå¦æ ¡/í›„ì¿ ì‹œë§ˆ ì¡°ì„ ì´ˆì¤‘ê¸‰í•™êµ)
- Gifu Prefecture
- Gifu Korean Elementary and Middle School (å²é˜œæœé®®åˆä¸ç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Gunma Prefecture
- Gunma Korean Elementary and Middle School (群馬æœé®®åˆä¸ç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Hiroshima Prefecture
- Hokkaido
- HyÅgo Prefecture
- Kobe Korean Senior High School
- Kobe Korean Elementary and Junior High School (神戸æœé®®åˆä¸ç´šå¦æ ¡)
- West Kobe Korean Elementary School (西神戸æœé®®åˆç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Amagasaki Korean Elementary and Middle School (尼崎æœé®®åˆä¸ç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Itami Korean Elementary School (伊丹æœé®®åˆç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Seiban North Korean Elementary and Middle School (西æ’æœé®®åˆä¸ç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Ibaraki Prefecture
- Kanagawa Prefecture[7]
- Kanagawa Korean Jr./ Sr. High School
- Yokohama Korean Primary School (横浜æœé®®åˆç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Tsurumi Korean Primary School (鶴見æœé®®åˆç´šå¦æ ¡) - Yokohama
- Kawasaki Korean Primary School (å·å´Žæœé®®åˆç´šå¦æ ¡) - Formerly served junior high school[6]
- Nambu Korean Primary School (å—æ¦æœé®®åˆç´šå¦æ ¡) - Kawasaki
- Kyoto Prefecture
- Kyoto Korean Junior High-High School
- Kyoto Korean Elementary School (京都æœé®®åˆç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Kyoto Korean No. 2 Elementary School (京都æœé®®ç¬¬äºŒåˆç´šå¦æ ¡) - Formerly served junior high school[6]
- Mie Prefecture
- Yokkaichi Korean Elementary and Middle School (四日市æœé®®åˆä¸ç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Miyagi Prefecture
- Tohoku Korean Primary and Junior High School (formerly served high school students)[6]
- Nagano Prefecture
- Nagano Korean Elementary and Junior High School (長野æœé®®åˆä¸ç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Niigata Prefecture
- Niigata Korean Elementary and Junior High School (新潟æœé®®åˆä¸ç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Okayama Prefecture
- Okayama Korean Elementary and Junior High School (岡山æœé®®åˆä¸ç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Okayama Korean Kindergarten (岡山æœé®®å¹¼ç¨šåœ’)
- Osaka Prefecture
- Osaka Korean High School
- North Osaka Korean Elementary and Middle School (北大阪æœé®®åˆä¸ç´šå¦æ ¡)
- East Osaka Korean Middle School (æ±å¤§é˜ªæœé®®ä¸ç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Ikuno Korean Elementary School (生野æœé®®åˆç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Johoku Korean Elementary School (城北æœé®®åˆç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Middle Osaka Korean Elementary School (ä¸å¤§é˜ªæœé®®åˆç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Osaka Korean No. 4 Elementary School (大阪æœé®®ç¬¬å››åˆç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Osaka Fukushima Korean Elementary School (大阪ç¦å³¶æœé®®åˆç´šå¦æ ¡)
- South Osaka Korean Elementary School (å—大阪æœé®®åˆç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Higashi Osaka Korean Elementary School (æ±å¤§é˜ªæœé®®åˆç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Saitama Prefecture
- Saitama Korean Elementary and Middle School (埼玉æœé®®åˆä¸ç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Saitama Korean Kindergarten (埼玉æœé®®å¹¼ç¨šåœ’)
- Shiga Prefecture
- Shiga Korean Elementary School (滋賀æœé®®åˆç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Shizuoka Prefecture
- Shizuoka Korean Elementary and Junior High School (é™å²¡æœé®®åˆä¸ç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Tochigi Prefecture
- Tochigi Korean Primary and Junior High School (æ ƒæœ¨æœé®®åˆä¸ç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Tokyo
- Tokyo Korean Junior and Senior High School
- Tokyo Korean 1st Elementary and Junior High School (æ±äº¬æœé®®ç¬¬ä¸€åˆä¸ç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Tokyo Korean 2nd Elementary School (æ±äº¬æœé®®ç¬¬äºŒåˆç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Tokyo Korean 3rd Elementary School (æ±äº¬æœé®®ç¬¬ä¸‰åˆç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Tokyo Korean 4th Elementary and Junior High School (æ±äº¬æœé®®ç¬¬å››åˆä¸ç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Tokyo Korean 5th Elementary and Junior High School (æ±äº¬æœé®®ç¬¬äº”åˆä¸ç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Tokyo Korean 6th Elementary School (æ±äº¬æœé®®ç¬¬å…åˆç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Tokyo Korean 9th Elementary School (æ±äº¬æœé®®ç¬¬ä¹åˆç´šå¦æ ¡)
- West Tokyo Korean No. 1 Elementary and Junior High School (西æ±äº¬æœé®®ç¬¬ä¸€åˆä¸ç´šå¦æ ¡)
- West Tokyo Korean No. 2 Elementary and Junior High School (西æ±äº¬æœé®®ç¬¬äºŒåˆä¸ç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Wakayama Prefecture
- Wakayama Korean Elementary and Middle School (å’ŒæŒå±±æœé®®åˆä¸ç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Yamaguchi Prefecture
- Yamaguchi Korean Elementary and Junior High School (å±±å£æœé®®åˆä¸ç´šå¦æ ¡)
Closed and/or merged schools
- Aichi Prefecture
- Aichi Korean No. 9 Elementary School (愛知æœé®®ç¬¬ä¹åˆç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Fukuoka Prefecture
- Chikuho Korean Elementary School (ç‘豊æœé®®åˆç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Gifu Prefecture
- Tono Korean Elementary and Middle School (æ±æ¿ƒæœé®®åˆä¸ç´šå¦æ ¡) - Toki
- Hyogo Prefecture
- Akashi Korean Elementary School (明石æœé®®åˆç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Amagasaki East Korean Elementary School (尼崎æ±æœé®®åˆç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Hanshin Korean Elementary School (阪神æœé®®åˆç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Takarazuka Korean Elementary School (å®å¡šæœé®®åˆç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Kyoto Prefecture
- Maizuru Korean Elementary and Junior High School (舞鶴æœé®®åˆä¸ç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Kyoto Korean No. 1 Elementary School (京都æœé®®ç¬¬ä¸€åˆç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Kyoto Korean No. 3 Elementary School (京都æœé®®ç¬¬ä¸‰åˆç´šå¦æ ¡)[6] - Merged/renamed to Kyoto Korean Elementary School
- Nara Prefecture
- Nara Korean Elementary School (奈良æœé®®åˆç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Osaka Prefecture
- Sakai Korean Elementary School (å ºæœé®®åˆç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Senshu Korean Elementary School (泉州æœé®®åˆç´šå¦æ ¡) - IzumiÅtsu
- Tokyo
- Tokyo No. 8 Korean Elementary School (æ±äº¬æœé®®ç¬¬å…«åˆç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Yamaguchi Prefecture
- Yamaguchi Korean High School
- Shimonoseki Korean Elementary and Junior High School (下関æœé®®åˆä¸ç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Ube Korean Elementary and Junior High School (宇部æœé®®åˆä¸ç´šå¦æ ¡)
- Tokuyama Korean Elementary and Junior High School (徳山æœé®®åˆä¸ç´šå¦æ ¡)
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to North Korean schools in Japan. |
- Our School
- Chongryon
- Miscellaneous school - South Korean international schools in Japan
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Talmadge, Eric. "Japan turns up pressure on pro-Pyongyang schools" (Archive). Associated Press. August 24, 2013. Retrieved on April 12, 2015. Alternate link at (Archive) Yahoo! News. Alternate link at Fox News.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 McCurry, Justin. "Japan's Korean schools being squeezed by rising tensions with Pyongyang" (Archive) The Guardian. Monday 15 November 2014. Retrieved on 12 April 2015.
- 1 2 3 Watanabe, Natsume. "Grade school for Zainichi Koreans in Osaka struggling to survive" (Archive). The Japan Times. August 11, 2014. Retrieved on October 14, 2015.
- ↑ Reynolds, Isabel. "North Korean schools in Japan soldiering on despite tough times" (Archive). Bloomberg News at The Japan Times. November 13, 2014. Retrieved on April 12, 2015.
- ↑ "ウリãƒãƒƒã‚ョ一覧" (Archive). Chongryon. Retrieved on October 14, 2015.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "ウリãƒãƒƒã‚ョ一覧" (Archive). Chongryon. November 6, 2005. Retrieved on October 15, 2015. Compare the school names in the 2005 page to the current one. Changes in the names indicates the removal of educational stages.
- ↑ "The Education System and Schools" (Archive). Government of Kanagawa Prefecture. Retrieved on October 13, 2015.
Further reading
(Japanese) Available online:
- Nakajima, Tomoko (ä¸å³¶ 智å). "Why Parents Choose Korean Schools : Seeking a Safe Space and/or Reasonable Choice" (æœé®®å¦æ ¡ä¿è·è€…ã®å¦æ ¡é¸æŠžç†ç”± : 「安心ã§ãã‚‹å±…å ´æ‰€ã€ã€Œå½“ãŸã‚Šå‰ã€ã‚’ã‚‚ã¨ã‚ã¦; Archive). Journal of Poole Gakuin University (プールå¦é™¢å¤§å¦ç ”究紀è¦). Poole Gakuin University, 51, 189-202, 2011-12. See profile at CiNii. English abstract available.
Not available online:
- æ¾ä¸‹ 佳弘. "Administrative Measures and Counteractions over the "Total Closure" of Korean Schools between 1949 and 1951 : The Case Study of Aichi Dai-roku Choren Elementary School in Kozakai Town, Hoi Gun" (æœé®®äººå¦æ ¡ã®ã€Œå®Œå…¨é–‰éŽ–ã€ã‚’ã‚ãる攻防(一ä¹å››ä¹~五一年) : 愛知第å…æœé€£å°å¦æ ¡(å®é£¯éƒ¡å°å‚井町)ã®äº‹ä¾‹ã‹ã‚‰). ç ”ç©¶ç´€è¦ (20), 155-188, 2015-07. 世界人権å•é¡Œç ”究センター. See profile at CiNii.
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