Christopher Tappin

Christopher Harold Tappin is a British businessman who is best known for selling weapons parts to Iran in violation of international sanctions and jailed for 33 months in January 2013.

Accusation

In 2005 agents from Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), a unit within the United States Department of Homeland Security, established a front company, Mercury Global Enterprises (MGE). A business acquaintance of Tappin contacted the company initially to buy surveillance equipment. They later enquired about exporting other military hardware without the proper licenses. Shortly before the man was arrested for trying to buy zinc/silver oxide batteries to power MIM-23 Hawk surface-to-air missiles for a customer in Tehran, Tappin was named as an exporter.[1]

US federal authorities allege Tappin tried to buy 50 Eagle-Picher P/N GAP 4328 zinc/silver oxide batteries (National Stock Number: 1420-00-484-8556)<ref[>http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/case_docs/1923.pdf "Indictment"] Check |url= value (help) (PDF). Investigativeproject.org. Retrieved 2015-07-29. </ref>[2][3] between December 2005 and January 2007. The batteries, which were to be exported from the United States to Iran via the Netherlands, are part of the electronics of the Hawk surface-to-air missile. In November 1985, 18 Hawk missiles were shipped to Iran during the Reagan Administration. Tappin maintains as the exporter he thought he was buying car batteries.[4] The US maintains that the batteries were to be exported to Tehran without the necessary US government approval.

Arrest and extradition to the United States

A federal arrest warrant for Tappin was first issued by a grand jury in Texas in 2007. In January 2012 Tappin lost his final appeal against extradition to the US under the Extradition Act 2003.[5] On denying Tappin's appeal against extradition to the United States, Mr Justice Cranston, a British High Court judge, considered whether the case was the result of entrapment by US agents, concluding:

Gibson, [Tappin]’s co-conspirator, approached MGE officers, not the other way around, and said that he had already conducted illegal export activities with [Tappin]. After Gibson dropped out, [Tappin] pursued the order and made clear that ultimately he wanted 35 batteries. [Tappin] devised the cover that the batteries were for electroplating by a Dutch chemical company. MGE’s agents gave [Tappin] an opportunity to withdraw from the transaction on 19 October [2006], after he had stopped payment, but [Tappin] persisted.[1]

Tappin's alleged co-conspirators were Robert Frederick Gibson (a British citizen) who pleaded guilty in 2007 and was sentenced to 2 years imprisonment, and Robert Thomas Caldwell (an US citizen) who was convicted at trial in 2007 and sentenced to one year and eight months imprisonment.[6]

On 24 February 2012, Tappin surrendered himself to British authorities at Heathrow Airport Police Station, London. Shortly afterwards he was handed over to US Marshals and put on a flight to El Paso, Texas via Houston. His UK-based solicitor, Karen Todner, said that due to the difficulty in getting witnesses from the UK to testify in the US, and other difficulties in mounting a defence, it was likely that Tappin would make some form of plea bargain with American prosecutors.[7][8] A few minutes before entering Heathrow Airport Police Station, Tappin spoke with news reporters, stating that:

I look to Mr Cameron to look after my rights and he has failed to do so. I have no rights. Abu Qatada is walking the streets of London today and we cannot extradite him. He has more rights than I have. If I was a terrorist I would not be going to America. I think it’s a shame, a disgrace. The Conservative government, while in opposition, promised to reform the law and they failed to do so and they’ve let me down, they’ve let you down, they’ve let the whole country down.[9][10][11][12][13]

Tappin was flown to El Paso, Texas via Houston and incarcerated in Otero County jail in New Mexico before his first court hearing.[14][15] At his own request, he was held in isolation.[16] He appeared in court on 29 February wearing an orange-colored prison jumpsuit, handcuffed and in shackles.[17] Tappin was remanded in custody until 2 March.[18][19] On 28 February, Elaine Tappin (his wife) addressed MPs on the Commons home affairs committee to express her dismay that UK courts were not interested in her husband's case. She stated that she was astonished that what she described as a "preposterous request" from US officials could be taken seriously by British courts.[20]

On 5 March, Judge Robert Castaneda ruled that Tappin must remain in custody after prosecutors asked that he be detained for the duration of the proceedings because he "posed a flight risk".[21] Assistant US attorney Greg McDonald told the court that "the risk is not that he'll punch somebody in the face, but through the use of a computer and the knowledge he has, he might pose a danger to the community."[22][23][24][25] On 8 March, Karen Todner (Tappin's solicitor in the UK)[26] urged the British government to intervene over the bail refusal.[27] Eventually, on 25 April 2012, Tappin was bailed on condition that he wore an electronic tracking tag at all times. Additionally, his ability to travel was restricted to within two Texas counties as well as the border city of El Paso for court appearances.[28][29][30] After being released on bail, Tappin told the BBC that he planned to vigorously defend himself against the allegations, stating that:

"I'm not a terrorist. I've never had any connections with terrorism and I'm just appalled that things could come to this sort of stage - especially in my life now, when I'm 65, been retired for four years and enjoying retirement. I didn't know these batteries were for Hawk missiles and too, I didn't know they were destined for Iran."[31]

[32][33][34]

Extradition controversy

Tappin's removal to the United States to stand trial has been criticised by the Leader of the UK Independence Party, Nigel Farage MEP, who sent an open letter to Theresa May about the issue[35] and also set up an ePetition for opponents of Tappin's extradition to sign.[36][37][38] The ePetition states: "In the light of the Chris Tappin case, demands that David Cameron debates the US-UK extradition treaty with President Obama, with a view to amending it".[39] The requested debate did take place on 14 March 2012[40] but it remains to be seen whether it will produce any results.

Isabella Sankey, the director of policy for Liberty, said: "No British court has ever been allowed to examine any evidence against Christopher Tappin or consider whether he should be tried here. Even if a US jury eventually finds him not guilty, he'll still spend years in a Texan jail awaiting trial, thousands of miles from his home and sick wife."[14]

Conviction and sentencing

On 1 November 2012, Tappin pleaded guilty in a federal court at El Paso, Texas, to selling weapons parts to Iran after reaching an agreement with prosecutors. Prosecutors said they would raise no objection to his serving the sentence in the UK.[41]

On 9 January 2013, Tappin was given a 33-month prison sentence for arms dealing and fined US$11,357 (£7,095).

Between 8 March to 30 September 2013 he served his sentence at Federal Correctional Complex, Allenwood in Pennsylvania (as Federal Bureau of Prisons prisoner #90763-280) until his repatriation to HM Wandsworth.[42][43][44]

Return to the UK

On 28 September 2013, Tappin returned to the UK on a chartered flight from New York, to serve his remaining 14-month sentence at the HM Wandsworth prison in South London.[45] He was subsequently paroled from prison in May 2014, on condition that he wore an electronic monitoring tag on his ankle.[46]

Personal life

Tappin's wife of over 30 years, for whom he is the principal carer, suffers from chronic Churg–Strauss syndrome.[47] The couple have two children.[48]

Court documents issued against Tappin

See also

Notes and references

  1. 1 2 "Tappin-v-USA, Royal Courts of Justice Appeal Ruling" (PDF). Queen's Bench Division. 13 January 2012.
  2. ↑ "EaglePicher - Batteries and Energetic Devices". Naval Technology. 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
  3. ↑ "Ordtech Missile System Hawk MIM-23 and Patriot MIM-104 support Parts Manufacture, Support, Maintenance, Overhaul, Modernisation, Upgrade, Phase III Improvement". Ordtech-industries.com. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
  4. ↑ "Iran arms accused Christopher Tappin to be extradited". BBC (London). 2012-01-13.
  5. ↑ Gammell, Caroline (2011-02-12). "Golf club president loses latest extradition battle over 'sale of missiles to Iran'". The Telegraph (London).
  6. ↑ Archived 1 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
  7. ↑ Dewsbury, Rick; Gayle, Damien (24 February 2012). "Christopher Tappin escorted US face trial says victim sting". London: Daily Mail. Retrieved 2012-02-24.
  8. ↑ "Christopher Tappin condemns treatment as US extradition under way". BBC. 24 February 2012.
  9. ↑ Whitehead, Tom (24 February 2012). "Christopher Tappin to be held in prison for a week after extradition to US". The Daily Telegraph (London).
  10. ↑ "Christopher Tappin enters US custody after extradition". The Daily Telegraph (London). 25 February 2012.
  11. ↑ Dominic Herbert (2012-02-25). "Extradited Christopher Tappin arrives in U.S. shackled like he's in Guantanamo Bay - Mirror Online". Mirror.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
  12. ↑ Johnson, Wesley; Branagh, Ellen (24 February 2012). "Christopher Tappin brands his extradition a 'disgrace'". The Independent (London).
  13. ↑ "UK businessman 'let down by UK justice'". BBC News. 24 February 2012.
  14. 1 2 Bowcott, Owen (2012-02-24). "Christopher Tappin hands himself in to Heathrow police for extradition to US". London: The Guardian.
  15. ↑ Oliver, Sarah; Mexico, New; Churcher, Sharon (25 February 2012). "Surrounded by razor wire in a barren desert: The fortress where golf club Briton extradited to U.S will be detained during trial". Daily Mail (London).
  16. ↑ BBC News website http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-17174702
  17. ↑ Churcher, Sharon (3 March 2012). "Justice, US-style: Golf club pensioner manacled, given 'high-risk' jumpsuit and locked in windowless cell". Daily Mail (London).
  18. ↑ Sanchez, Raf (28 February 2012). "Christopher Tappin makes first appearance before Texas court". The Daily Telegraph (London).
  19. ↑ "Chris Tappin appears in US court on Iran missile charge". BBC News. 29 February 2012.
  20. ↑ "Extradited Chris Tappin's wife breaks down in Commons". BBC News. 28 February 2012.
  21. ↑ "Extradited Briton Chris Tappin denied bail in US". BBC News. 6 March 2012.
  22. ↑ McQueeney, Kerry (6 March 2012). "Wife speaks of 'heartbreak' after U.S. judge remands British businessman in custody over arms dealing charges". Daily Mail (London).
  23. ↑
  24. ↑ Sanchez, Raf (5 March 2012). "Christopher Tappin denied bail by Texas court". The Daily Telegraph (London).
  25. ↑ Quinn, Ben (6 March 2012). "Christopher Tappin denied bail in US on arms dealing claims". The Guardian (London).
  26. ↑ "Karen Todner | Kaim Todner Solicitors Ltd". Kaimtodner.com. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
  27. ↑
  28. ↑ Clements, Joanne (26 April 2012). "Retired British businessman extradited to U.S. over arms dealing charges is bailed". Daily Mail (London).
  29. ↑ "Christopher Tappin 'relieved' after being freed on bail in Texas". The Daily Telegraph (London). 26 April 2012.
  30. ↑ Clements, Joanne (27 April 2012). "How horrific screams kept me awake in my prison cell: British businessman bailed in the U.S. tells of his nightmare". Daily Mail (London).
  31. ↑ "Christopher Tappin vows to contest terrorism allegations". BBC News. 27 April 2012.
  32. ↑ Clements, Joanne; Johnson, Sarah (2012-09-14). "British businessman extradited to US over arms dealing charge faces November trial | Mail Online". London: Dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
  33. ↑ Wesley Johnson (2012-09-15). "Christopher Tappin to stand trial in November on arms charges - Crime - UK". London: The Independent. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
  34. ↑ "BBC News - Weapons parts accused Christopher Tappin's US trial date set". Bbc.co.uk. 2012-09-14. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
  35. ↑ Nigel Farage MEP. "Christopher Tappin US-UK Treaty". Nigel Farage MEP. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
  36. ↑ "Nigel Farage vows to fight against the extradition of Chris Tappin". Kent News. 4 March 2012.
  37. ↑ "We must demand justice for Orpington’s Christopher Tappin, says Ukip leader Nigel Farage - Blogs". Kent News. 2012-03-09. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
  38. ↑ "UKIP ePetition supports Chris Tappin - UK Independence Party". Ukip.org. 2012-03-05. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
  39. ↑ "In light of Chris Tappin case, Cameron to debate Treaty with Obama - e-petitions". Epetitions.direct.gov.uk. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
  40. ↑ "UK and US agree to look at extradition arrangements". BBC News. 15 March 2012.
  41. ↑ "Christopher Tappin pleads guilty over weapons charges". BBC News. 1 November 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
  42. ↑ "Christopher Tappin given 33-month sentence by US court - ITV News". Itv.com. 2013-01-09. Retrieved 2015-07-29.
  43. ↑ Milmo, Cahal (9 January 2013). "Christopher Tappin jailed for 33 months for arms-to-Iran scheme". The Independent (London).
  44. ↑ Ledwith, Mario; Thompson, Paul (9 January 2013). "Former golf club president Christopher Tappin JAILED for 33 months in Pennsylvania prison for plot to export missile parts to Iran". Daily Mail (London).
  45. ↑ Ellery, Ben; Fifield, Nicola (28 September 2013). "Golf club boss jailed for selling arms to Iran says he was 'broken' by rat-infested prison run by gangs as he returns to Britain". Daily Mail (London).
  46. ↑ "Chris Tappin: the extradited man". The Times. 2014-06-14. Retrieved 2015-07-29.
  47. ↑ Christopher Hope (28 February 2012). "Christopher Tappin's wife breaks down in despair over husband being 'carted off'". The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  48. ↑ Why was a retired Briton extradicted to the US?
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