Chu shogi

Chu shogi

Chu shogi wood set. One side's pieces are all promoted (except for the unpromotable pieces), and show as red.
Years active Early 14th century to present
Genre(s) Board game
Abstract strategy game
Players 2
Setup time 2+ minutes
Playing time 6-8 hours or more
Random chance None
Skill(s) required Strategy, tactics
Synonym(s) Middle shogi

Chu shogi (中将棋 chū shōgi, "mid[-sized] shogi") is a strategy board game native to Japan. It is similar to modern shogi (sometimes called Japanese chess) in its rules and gameplay. Its name means "mid-sized shogi", from a time when there were three sizes of shogi variants that were regularly being played. Chu shogi seems to have been developed in the early 14th century as a derivative of dai shogi ("large shogi"). There are earlier references, but it is not clear that they refer to the game as we now know it. With fewer pieces than dai shogi, the game was considered more exciting. It was still commonly played in Japan in the early 20th century, especially in Kyoto, but largely died out after World War II despite the advocacy of prominent shogi players such as Fumiaki Okazaki and Ōyama Yasuharu[1] (who played chu shogi when young and credited it with the development of his personal cautious and tenacious shogi style). It has, however, gained some adherents in the West, and still maintains a society (the Chushogi Renmei, or Japanese Chu Shogi Association) and an online following in Japan. The main reference work in English is the Middle Shogi Manual by George Hodges.

Rules of the game

Objective

The objective of the game is to capture the opponent's king and, if present, the prince, which counts as a second king. These two pieces are called "royal pieces", as the game is lost when a player is left without any of them. Alternatively, under the rules of the Japanese Chu Shogi Association, it suffices to capture all the opponent's other pieces, leaving a bare king or a bare prince, whereupon the player wins and the game ends early, provided that one's own king is not immediately bared or captured on the next move. Unlike standard shogi, pieces may not be dropped back into play after capture.

Gameplay

Two players alternate making a move, with Black moving first. (The pieces are not differentiated by color; the traditional chess terms "Black" and "White" are only used to indicate who plays first, and to differentiate the sides during discussions of the game.) A move consists of moving a piece either to an empty square on the board or to a square occupied by an opposing piece, thus capturing that piece; and optionally of promoting the moving piece, if the move enters the promotion zone, or if it is a capture and any part of it is in the promotion zone.

Game equipment

Two players, Black and White (or 先手 sente and 後手 gote), play on a board ruled into a grid of 12 ranks (rows) and 12 files (columns), with a total of 144 squares. The squares are undifferentiated by marking or color, unlike a Western chess board.

Each player has a set of 46 pieces of 21 different types, and each piece has its name written on it in Japanese kanji. The writing is typically in black. On the reverse side of most pieces (i.e. except the king, queen, and lion) there are characters to indicate the piece's promoted rank, typically written in red. The pieces are wedge-shaped and their orientation indicates which player they belong to, as they point toward the opposing side. In all, the players must remember 28 moves for these pieces. The pieces are of slightly different sizes; from largest to smallest (most to least powerful) they are:

Initial setup with the full name in kanji on each piece.

Listed below are the pieces of the game and, if they promote, the pieces they promote to. Names are rough translations that have become somewhat standardized in English. Pieces are listed alphabetically by their English name.

The promotions apply only to pieces which start out with the ranks in the left-most column, that is, pieces with these ranks written in black; promoted pieces with those same ranks written in red may not promote further. Pieces which only appear upon promotion, that is, names which only occur written in red, are marked with an asterisk. The king, queen, and lion do not promote.

Pieces
Piece name Kanji Romaji Abbrev. Promotion Short name Betza notation
bishop
(lit. "angle mover") 		角行 kakugyō3 角 dragon horse bishop B
blind tiger 盲虎 mōko2 虎 flying stag tiger FrlbW
copper general 銅将 dōshō 銅 side mover copper fKbW
dragon horse 龍馬 ryūma1 馬 horned falcon horse BW
dragon king 龍王 ryūō 龍 soaring eagle dragon RF
drunk elephant 酔象 suizō 象 prince elephant FfrlW
ferocious leopard 猛豹 mōhyō 豹 bishop leopard FfbW
*flying ox 飛牛 higyū 牛 (promoted vertical mover) ox BfbR
*flying stag 飛鹿 hiroku 鹿 (promoted blind tiger) stag fbRK
*free boar 奔猪 honcho 猪 (promoted side mover) boar BrlR
go-between 仲人 chūnin 仲 drunk elephant go-between fbW
gold general 金将 kinshō3 金 rook gold WfF
*horned falcon 角鷹 kakuō 鷹 (promoted dragon horse) falcon BrlbRf[avW]fD
king (challenging)
(lit. "jade general") 		玉将 gyokushō 玉 — king K
king (reigning)
(lit. "king general") 		王将 ōshō 王 — king K
kirin 麒麟 kirin 麒 lion kirin FD
lance
(lit. "incense chariot") 		香車 kyōsha2 香 white horse lance fR
lion 獅子 shishi 獅 — lion NAD[aK]
pawn
(lit. "foot soldier") 		歩兵 fuhyō2 歩 gold general pawn fW
phoenix 鳳凰 hōō 鳳 queen phoenix WA
*prince 太子 taishi 太 (promoted drunk elephant) prince K
queen
(lit. "free king") 		奔王 honnō1 奔 — queen Q
reverse chariot 反車 hensha1 反 whale chariot fbR
rook
(lit. "flying chariot") 		飛車 hisha3 飛 dragon king rook R
side mover 横行 ōgyō 横 free boar side mover WrlR
silver general 銀将 ginshō 銀 vertical mover silver FfW
*soaring eagle 飛鷲 hijū 鷲 (promoted dragon king) eagle RbBf[avF]fA
vertical mover 竪行 shugyō 竪 flying ox vertical mover WfbR
*whale 鯨鯢 keigei2 鯨 (promoted reverse chariot) whale fRbQ
*white horse 白駒 hakku1 駒 (promoted lance) white horse fQbR
1 The pronunciations of 龍馬, 奔王, 反車, and 白駒 are irregular. The regular forms ryūme, hon’ō, hansha, and hakuku are also seen.
2 The alternative pronunciations 盲虎 mekura, 香車 yari, 歩兵 hohei or fu, and 鯨鯢 geigei are also sometimes seen.
3 Bishops, gold generals, and rooks arising from promotion (not the ones present initially) are sometimes given the alternate readings chorokaku, と金 tokin, and ginbisha respectively.

Below is a diagram showing the setup of the players' pieces. The board setup is symmetrical: the way one player sees their own pieces is the same way that the opposing player sees their pieces.

Setup
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1  
L FL C S G DE K G S C FL L a
RC   B   BT Ph Kr BT   B   RC b
SM VM R DH DK Q Ln DK DH R VM SM c
p p p p p p p p p p p p d
      GB         GB       e
                        f
                        g
      GB         GB       h
p p p p p p p p p p p p i
SM VM R DH DK Ln Q DK DH R VM SM j
RC   B   BT Kr Ph BT   B   RC k
L FL C S G K DE G S C FL L l
Setup legend
Abbreviation Name
B bishop
BT blind tiger
C copper general
DE drunk elephant
DH dragon horse
DK dragon king
FL ferocious leopard
Abbreviation Name
G gold general
GB go-between
K king
Kr kirin
L lance
Ln lion
p pawn
Abbreviation Name
Ph phoenix
Q queen
R rook
RC reverse chariot
S silver general
SM side mover
VM vertical mover

In some contexts, one-letter abbreviations may be necessary. The ones used in WinBoard are:

One-letter piece abbreviations
Abbreviation Name
A reverse chariot
B bishop
C copper general
D dragon king
E drunk elephant
F ferocious leopard
G gold general
Abbreviation Name
H dragon horse
I go-between
K king
L lance
M side mover
N lion
O kirin
Abbreviation Name
P pawn
Q queen
R rook
S silver general
T blind tiger
V vertical mover
X phoenix

Promoted pieces are notated by a + in front of the symbol; thus a flying ox is +V, and a promoted phoenix (now a queen) is +X. WinBoard also uses Westernised algebraic notation for the pieces, labelling the files with the letters a–l from left to right, and the ranks with the numbers 1–12 from bottom to top, as well as reversing the names "Black" and "White" to conform to international chess. Thus it becomes White who moves first, and his king starts at f1; the Black king starts at g12. (In the standard notation, these squares are 7l and 6a respectively.)

Promotion

The promotion zone is the 'enemy camp', the farthest four ranks of the board, which are mostly occupied by the opposing player's pieces when the board is first set up. When a promotable piece makes a move entering the promotion zone, or makes a capture within the promotion zone—including entering, leaving, or moving entirely within the zone—it has the option of "promoting" to a more powerful rank. Promotion is effected by turning the piece over after it moves, revealing the name of its promoted rank. Promotion is not mandatory if the unpromoted piece could move further on a later turn, and in some cases it may be beneficial to leave the piece unpromoted. (For example, the pawn, gold general, silver general, copper general, ferocious leopard, phoenix, vertical mover, side mover, and go-between all lose some of their powers upon promoting, though they gain more in return, so that there may be immediate tactical reasons for deferral.) Promotion is permanent and promoted pieces may not revert to their original rank. If a piece is not promoted upon entering the promotion zone, then it may not promote until it leaves the zone and reenters unless it makes a capture, with the exception of pawns: if a pawn does not promote once entering the promotion zone, then it may not promote until it reaches the farthest rank.[2]

Promoting a piece has the effect of changing how that piece moves. See below. For example, promoting a kirin turns it into a lion, and thereafter it behaves exactly like the original lion, even for the lion-trading rules.

If a pawn reaches the furthest rank, it must always promote, since it would otherwise have no legal move on subsequent turns. (This is because the pawn can stand between two protected lions without allowing either player to trade them, which is something a promoted pawn – a gold general – cannot do. Hence there can be a legitimate reason to defer the promotion of a pawn.) No such exception exists or is needed for lances, as there is never any reason to defer promotion of a lance in the first place: therefore, a lance that reaches the furthest rank without promoting becomes an immobile "dead piece" (死に駒).

Piece movement

An opposing piece is captured by displacement: That is, if a piece moves to a square occupied by an opposing piece, the opposing piece is displaced and removed from the board. A piece cannot move to a square occupied by a friendly piece, that is, by another piece controlled by the moving player.

Each piece on the game moves in a characteristic pattern. Pieces move either orthogonally (that is, forward, backward, left, or right, in the direction of one of the arms of a plus sign, +), or diagonally (in the direction of one of the arms of a multiplication sign, ×). The lion is the sole exception, in that it is not required to move in a straight line.

As stated earlier, this game is based on dai shogi and all of the pieces of this game can be found in dai shogi. The eight types of pieces that were removed were all rather weak and all promoted to gold generals. Furthermore, the larger board of dai shogi makes the slow-moving step movers even slower. All of this made for comparatively dull gameplay.

If a pawn, which cannot retreat or move aside, advances across the board until it reaches the other side, it must promote. Such a provision does not apply to the lance: if it reaches the last rank and remains unpromoted, it is trapped and cannot move again. The reason is that deferring promotion of a pawn can be useful due to the lion-trading rules, but deferring promotion of a lance cannot be.

Many pieces are capable of several kinds of movement, with the type of movement most often depending on the direction in which they move. The movement categories are:

Step movers

Some pieces move only one square at a time. If a friendly piece occupies an adjacent square, the moving piece may not move in that direction; if an opposing piece is there, it may be displaced and captured.

The step movers are the king, prince, drunk elephant, blind tigers, ferocious leopards, the generals, go-betweens, and the 12 pawns of each side. Only the king and prince can move in all eight directions. The king and prince are additionally considered royal pieces, as losing both of them loses the game. The Japanese Chu Shogi Association, in addition to separating out the king and prince, also considers the pawns and go-betweens as a separate class of "pawns" (歩), while the remaining step movers are called "small pieces" (小駒).

Jumping pieces

Several pieces can jump, that is, they can pass over any intervening piece, whether friend or foe, with no effect on either. These are the lion, the kirin, the phoenix, the horned falcon and the soaring eagle. Only the lion can jump in all directions.

Ranging pieces

Many pieces can move any number of empty squares along a straight orthogonal or diagonal line, limited only by the edge of the board. If an opposing piece intervenes, it may be captured by moving to that square and removing it from the board. A ranging piece must stop where it captures, and cannot bypass a piece that is in its way. If a friendly piece intervenes, the moving piece is limited to a distance that stops short of the intervening piece; if the friendly piece is adjacent, it cannot move in that direction at all.

The ranging pieces are the queen, dragon king, dragon horse, rook, bishop, vertical mover, side mover, reverse chariot, lance, and all those pieces which do not appear in the initial setup except the prince. Only the queen can range along all eight directions. The Japanese Chu Shogi Association further divides them into greater (大走り駒) and lesser (走り駒) ranging pieces: the greater ranging pieces are the queen, horned falcon, and soaring eagle, and the remainder are lesser ranging pieces.

Lion move (multiple capture)

The lion has a double-capture ability, called a 'lion move', as to a lesser extent do the soaring eagle and horned falcon (promoted dragon king and dragon horse). The details of these powerful moves are described for the lion below.

Individual pieces

Following are diagrams that indicate the movement of each piece. Pieces are listed roughly in order, from front to back rows, with pieces making similar moves paired. Pieces with a grey heading start out in the game; those with a blue heading only appear on the board as a promoted piece. Betza's funny notation has been included in brackets for easier reference, with the extension that the notation xxxayyyK stands for an xxxK move possibly followed by an yyyK move, not necessarily in the same direction. By default continuation legs can go into all directions, but can be restricted to a single line by a modifier 'v' ("vertical", interpreted relative to the piece's current position on its path). The default modality of all legs is the ability to move and capture: other possibilities are specified explicitly. Square brackets are used to make it clear what operators the a modifier chains together: thus DaK would denote a dabbaba move followed by a king move, but D[aK] would denote a piece that can move as a dabbaba, or twice as a king.

Notation
○ Steps to an adjacent square
☆ Jumps to a non-adjacent square, bypassing any intervening piece
│ Ranges along a straight line, crossing any number of empty squares
─
＼
／
! igui (capture without moving)
Go-Between 仲人 chūnin (promotes to drunk elephant) Pawn 歩兵 fuhyō (promotes to gold general)
         
    ○    
    仲    
    ○    
         
  • Step
The go-between steps one square directly forward or backward. (fbW)
         
    ○    
    歩    
         
         
  • Step
The pawn can only step one square directly forward. (fW)
It must promote upon reaching the farthest rank of the board.
Side Mover 横行 ōgyō (promotes to free boar) Vertical Mover 竪行 shugyō (promotes to flying ox)
         
    ○    
─ ─ 横 ─ ─
    ○    
         
  • Range
The side mover can move any number of free squares orthogonally sideways; or,
  • Step
It can step one square directly forward or backward. (WrlR)
    │    
    │    
  ○ 竪 ○  
    │    
    │    
  • Range
The vertical mover can move any number of free squares orthogonally, either forward or backward; or,
  • Step
It can take one step directly sideways. (WfbR)
Bishop 角行 kakugyō (promotes to dragon horse) Rook 飛車 hisha (promotes to dragon king)
＼       ／
  ＼   ／  
    角    
  ／   ＼  
／       ＼
  • Range
The bishop can move any number of free squares along any one of the four diagonals. (B)
Because it cannot move orthogonally, an unpromoted bishop can only reach half the squares on the board.
    │    
    │    
─ ─ 飛 ─ ─
    │    
    │    
  • Range
The rook can move any number of free squares along any one of the four orthogonals. (R)
Dragon Horse 龍馬 ryūma (promotes to horned falcon) Dragon King 龍王 ryūō (promotes to soaring eagle)
＼       ／
  ＼ ○ ／  
  ○ 馬 ○  
  ／ ○ ＼  
／       ＼
  • Range
The dragon horse can move any number of free squares along any one of the four diagonals; or,
  • Step
It can take one step in any direction. (WB)
    │    
  ○ │ ○  
─ ─ 龍 ─ ─
  ○ │ ○  
    │    
  • Range
The dragon king can move any number of free squares along any one of the four orthogonals; or,
  • Step
It can take one step in any direction. (FR)
Lance 香車 kyōsha (promotes to white horse) Reverse Chariot 反車 hensha (promotes to whale)
    │    
    │    
    香    
         
         
  • Range
The lance can move any number of free squares directly forward. It cannot return and must promote upon reaching the farthest row. (fR)
    │    
    │    
    反    
    │    
    │    
  • Ranging
The reverse chariot can move any number of free squares directly forward or backward. (fbR)
Blind Tiger 盲虎 mōko (promotes to flying stag) Ferocious Leopard 猛豹 mōhyō (promotes to bishop)
         
  ○   ○  
  ○ 虎 ○  
  ○ ○ ○  
         
  • Step
The blind tiger can take one step in any direction except directly forward. (FrlbW)
         
  ○ ○ ○  
    豹    
  ○ ○ ○  
         
  • Step
The ferocious leopard can take one step to any of the three squares ahead or three squares behind it, but not directly to either side. (FfbW)
Copper General 銅将 dōshō (promotes to side mover) Silver General 銀将 ginshō (promotes to vertical mover)
         
  ○ ○ ○  
    銅    
    ○    
         
  • Step
The copper general can take one step to any of the three squares ahead of it, or else directly backward, giving it four possibilities. (fKbW)
         
  ○ ○ ○  
    銀    
  ○   ○  
         
  • Step
The silver general can take one step diagonally, or else directly forward, giving it five possibilities. (FfW)
Gold General 金将 kinshō (promotes to rook) Drunk Elephant 酔象 suizō (promotes to prince)
         
  ○ ○ ○  
  ○ 金 ○  
    ○    
         
  • Step
The gold general can take one step orthogonally, one else step diagonally forward, giving it six possibilities. (WfF)
         
  ○ ○ ○  
  ○ 象 ○  
  ○   ○  
         
  • The drunk elephant can take one step in any direction except directly backward. (FfrlW)
Kirin 麒麟 kirin (promotes to lion) Phoenix 鳳凰 hōō (promotes to queen)
    ☆    
  ○   ○  
☆   麒   ☆
  ○   ○  
    ☆    
  • Jump
The kirin can jump to the second square in one of the four orthogonal directions. Or,
  • Step
It can take one step diagonally. (FD)
Because of its unusual movement, an unpromoted kirin can only reach half the squares on the board.
☆       ☆
    ○    
  ○ 鳳 ○  
    ○    
☆       ☆
  • Jump
The phoenix can jump to the second square in one of the four diagonal directions. Or,
  • Step
It can take one step orthogonally. (WA)
Queen 奔王 honnō Flying Stag 飛鹿 hiroku (promoted blind tiger)
＼   │   ／
  ＼ │ ／  
─ ─ 奔 ─ ─
  ／ │ ＼  
／   │   ＼
  • Range
The queen can move any number of free squares along any one of the eight orthogonal or diagonal directions. (Q)
    │    
  ○ │ ○  
  ○ 鹿 ○  
  ○ │ ○  
    │    
  • Range
The flying stag can move any number of free squares directly forward or backward; or,
  • Step
It can take one step in any direction. (fbRK)
Flying Ox 飛牛 higyū (promoted vertical mover) Free Boar 奔猪 honcho (promoted side mover)
＼   │   ／
  ＼ │ ／  
    牛    
  ／ │ ＼  
／   │   ＼
  • Range
The flying ox can move any number of free squares forwards, backwards, or diagonally, but not directly to the side. (fbRB)
＼       ／
  ＼   ／  
─ ─ 猪 ─ ─
  ／   ＼  
／       ＼
  • Range
The free boar can move any number of free squares diagonally or to the side, but not directly forward or backward. (rlRB)
Whale 鯨鯢 keigei (promoted reverse chariot) White Horse 白駒 hakku (promoted lance)
    │    
    │    
    鯨    
  ／ │ ＼  
／   │   ＼
  • Range
The whale can move any number of free squares directly forwards, backwards, or along either rear diagonal. (fRbQ)
＼   │   ／
  ＼ │ ／  
    駒    
    │    
    │    
  • Range
The white horse can move any number of free squares directly backwards, forwards, or along either forward diagonal. (fQbR)
King 玉将 gyokushō, 王将 ōshō Prince 太子 taishi (promoted drunk elephant)
         
  ○ ○ ○  
  ○ 王 ○  
  ○ ○ ○  
         
  • Step
The king can take one step in any direction. (K)
         
  ○ ○ ○  
  ○ 太 ○  
  ○ ○ ○  
         
  • Step
The prince can take one step in any direction, like a king. (K)
If a prince is in play, it must be captured along with the king.
The next three pieces have special movements that involve the ability to move and even capture twice per turn.
Horned Falcon 角鷹 kakuō (promoted dragon horse) Soaring Eagle 飛鷲 hijū (promoted dragon king)
＼   ☆   ／
  ＼ ! ／  
─ ─ 鷹 ─ ─
  ／ │ ＼  
／   │   ＼
  • Range
The horned falcon can move any number of free squares along a straight line in any direction except directly forwards.
  • Lion move
It can step or jump up to two squares along a line directly forward, potentially capturing two pieces. This power includes igui and skipping a turn (see "Lion"), but not moving off the orthogonal. (BrlbRf[avW]fD)
☆   │   ☆
  ! │ !  
─ ─ 鷲 ─ ─
  ／ │ ＼  
／   │   ＼
  • Range
The soaring eagle can move any number of free squares along a straight line in any direction except the forward diagonals.
  • Lion move
It can step or jump up to two squares along either forward diagonal, potentially capturing two pieces. This power includes igui and skipping a turn (see "Lion"), but not moving off the diagonal. (RbBf[avF]fA)
Lion 獅子 shishi
○ × 2
○ ○ ○ ○ ○
○ ○ ○ ○ ○
○ ○ 獅 ○ ○
○ ○ ○ ○ ○
○ ○ ○ ○ ○
☆ ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆
☆ ! ! ! ☆
☆ ! 獅 ! ☆
☆ ! ! ! ☆
☆ ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆
  • Area move/double capture
The lion can take a step in any direction up to twice per turn. It can continue after a capture on the first step, potentially capturing two pieces per turn. It can change directions after the first step, so that it can reach the squares that a knight jumps to in Western chess.

By returning to its starting square with the second step, it can effectively capture a piece on an adjacent square without moving. This is called 居喰い igui "stationary feeding". It can step to an adjacent empty square and back without capturing anything; this leaves the board unchanged, effectively passing a turn (じっと jitto). Jitto may prove useful in endgame situations; it is traditionally indicated by tapping the lion and leaving it in place.

  • Jump
The lion can jump anywhere that it could step to on an empty board; that is, anywhere within a distance of two squares, except for the square it started on. (Hence jitto is only possible if at least one adjacent square is empty.) This is equivalent to jumping in any of the eight diagonal or orthogonal directions, or making any of the jumps of a knight in Western chess. (NAD[aK])
  • Lion vs. lion
A lion cannot capture another lion unless certain criteria are met. These rules are designed to keep the lions in play:
  1. A lion can always capture an adjacent lion (on a "!" square).
  2. It can always capture a non-adjacent lion (on a "☆" square) if, supposing it had done so without capturing anything else, remains safe from recapture for at least one turn.
  3. If capturing a non-adjacent lion and no other piece leaves it vulnerable on the next turn, it may only capture the other lion if it first captures another piece so that it is then adjacent (double capture), and then only if the other piece is something other than a pawn or go-between (which can be a reason to defer promotion of a pawn).
    • This prohibition still applies even if the enemy piece protecting the enemy lion is pinned against the enemy's sole royal piece, since royal pieces may freely move into check in chu shogi, even if it is almost always a gross blunder to do so.
    • If the line between the enemy protector and the enemy lion is blocked by the player's own lion, the protector is termed a hidden protector. (The equivalent situation in Western chess is called an X-ray attack.) This form of capture is called 付け喰い tsukegui or 喰添 kuisoe "additional eating". On the next turn, the opponent may recapture the attacking lion: this is called 獅子を撃つ shishi o utsu "shooting the lion".
    • The cases where (1) a hidden protector is blocked by a pawn or go-between that is captured with the lion, or (2) where a pawn or go-between acting as a false protector is captured together with the lion are unclear, as modern and historic rule descriptions do not mention them explicitly. Given that the motivation for this set of rules is to make it difficult to trade lions, the explicit mention of the hidden protector case is probably meant to serve as an illustrative example to show that the situation should be judged as it is after the proposed capture instead of before it. This would mean that the capture in case (1) is not permitted, but that the capture in case (2) is.
  4. Finally, if one player captures a lion with a non-lion (which is always permitted), the opponent cannot then capture a lion on the next move with anything but another lion (as a player may have such a second lion by promoting a kirin), and this may only be done if the rules listed above are met. This restriction is lifted after a move; thus, if the enemy lion is trapped without possibility of escape, it is illegal to capture it immediately after one's own lion is captured, but one can capture it on any future move.
    • (In recent times the Japanese Chu Shogi Association has adopted the so-called Okazaki rule, which is of recent origin: the counter-strike against the lion would only be forbidden if that lion was protected. Hence it becomes possible to perform the counter-strike with a non-lion.)
These rules also apply to promoted kirins.

Below are eight examples of the lion-trading rules in action. In all examples below, Black's pieces are coloured black and White's pieces are coloured red. (Black moves up the board.)

  金
 獅 
獅  

Black can capture White's lion with her lion, as the two lions are adjacent, and so the protection of White's gold general is irrelevant.
 角  香
   銀     
  獅  
    獅
     

Both Black's and White's lions are protected (Black's by her silver general and White's by his lance), and hence neither side can use their lion to capture the enemy lion. However, Black can legally use her bishop to capture White's lion.

獅    
         
  獅  
  歩  
    角

Black cannot capture White's lion, as while White's lion is currently undefended, the capture would expose Black's lion to recapture by White's bishop via an X-ray attack. White's bishop is thus a hidden protector. If White is to move, he can capture Black's lion with the bishop, but not with his own lion.
獅    
 歩   
  獅    
  歩  
    角

A more complicated version of the previous situation. It would be illegal for Black to use her lion to capture the White pawn and then the White lion, as her lion would then be open to recapture by the White bishop and the intermediate piece was a pawn. (The same would be true if it were a White go-between.) However, Black could legally forego capturing the pawn and only capture the White lion, as then her lion could not be recaptured immediately. (This is the probable rule, although it is not explicitly stated in historical documents.)

    歩
  獅
獅  

White's lion is protected by his pawn, and hence it would be illegal for Black to use her lion to capture White's lion and nothing else (since her lion could then be recaptured by the pawn). However, Black can legally use her lion to capture the White pawn and then the White lion, since the situation is judged after and not before the proposed capture (probably), and her lion cannot be immediately recaptured.
  獅 飛
金仲   
  獅  
   銀 
    獅

Black cannot capture the White lion in the corner alone, as her lion would be recaptured by the White rook; however, capturing the silver general and then the corner lion is legal. However, Black cannot capture the White lion at the top of the board (also protected by the rook), even if she captures the go-between as well. It is legal for Black to capture the White go-between and then the White gold general, as then this is not a lion-capturing-lion situation and the rules do not apply.

 飛     
               
       
     獅 
 獅     
       
  角    

If White captures Black's lion with his rook, then by the Edo-era rules, Black cannot retaliate immediately by capturing White's lion with her bishop, though she can of course do so on any future move. Under the Japanese Chu Shogi Association's rules, the recapture would be allowed by the Okazaki rule as White's lion is unprotected.
香      
           
角      
   獅 獅 
 獅     
   飛   
    王  

This diagram shows a recursive application of the rules. (Such situations do not appear in the historical rules, and hence the resolution presented here is conjectural.) Suppose Black proposes to use her lion to capture White's leftmost lion (1.LnxLn). White objects, stating his plan to reply by recapturing Black's lion with his other lion (1...LnxLn). However, this proposed White move would not be legal under the lion-trading rules, as it exposes White's lion to immediate recapture by Black's rook (2.RxLn). (The pin on the rook is irrelevant, as it is legal, though usually bad, to expose your king to check in chu shogi.) Since White's proposed recapture 1...LnxLn is illegal, the Black lion cannot be recaptured after 1.LnxLn, and hence 1.LnxLn is a legal move, and gives a large material advantage to Black.

Repetition

A player may not make a move if the resulting position is one that has previously occurred in the game with the same player to move. Note that certain pieces have the ability to pass in certain situations (a lion, when at least one square immediately adjacent to it is unoccupied, a horned falcon, when the square immediately in front of it is unoccupied, and a soaring eagle, when one or both of the two squares immediately diagonally in front of it are unoccupied). Such a pass move leaves the position unchanged, but it does not violate the repetition rule, as it will now be the turn of the other player to move. Of course, two consecutive passes are not possible, as the first player will see the same position as before. However, evidence from historical mating problems suggests that this prohibition does not apply to a player who is in check.

The Japanese Chu Shogi Association plays by more complex repetition rules. Only a fourth repetition is forbidden, and the burden to deviate is not necessarily on the player that reaches this first. If one side is making attacks with his moves in the repeat cycle, and the other is not, the attacking side must deviate, while in case of checking the checker must deviate regardless of whether the checked side attacks other pieces. In the case of consecutive passes, the side passing first must deviate, making turn passing to avoid zugzwang pointless if the opponent is in a position where he can pass his turn too.

Check and mate

When a player makes a move such that the opponent's only remaining royal (king or prince) could be captured on the following move, the move is said to give check; the king or prince is said to be in check. If a player's king or prince is in check and no legal move by that player will get it out of check, the checking move is also mate, and effectively wins the game.

Unlike Western chess, a player need not move out of check in chu shogi, and indeed may even move into check. Although obviously not often a good idea, a player with more than one royal may occasionally sacrifice one of these pieces as part of a gambit.

A player is not allowed to give perpetual check. This is not a rule in itself, but arises from the repetition rule.

Game end

A player who captures the opponent's sole remaining king or prince wins the game. Thus a player who is checkmated or stalemated will lose. This situation extends to "smothered stalemates" where the king's safety is not at issue, but no moves are possible: these also result in a loss for the stalemated player to move by the rules of The Chess Variant Pages.

As an alternative, there is the "bare king" rule. A historic description of chu shogi mentions, "When pieces are gone, and there are only the 2 kings, one can mate only if he has a promoted gold".[3] Nonetheless, this is only one specific case, and the motivation for such a rule is uncertain given that king and rook (a promoted gold) against king is an easy forced checkmate. The Japanese Chu-Shogi Association has altered this into a general baring rule similar to that of shatranj, where a bare king immediately loses against any other material, unless you can bare the opponent on the following move (in which case the game is a draw), or you can capture the opponent's sole remaining king or prince on the following move (in which case the opponent loses).[4] This makes a difference in the endgames of king and pawn against king, or king and ferocious leopard against king, which cannot be won by the stronger side without the bare king rule (and also in some cases with blind tigers, silver generals, and copper generals that can be trapped by the enemy king when separated from their own kings).

In practice these winning conditions are rarely fulfilled, as a player will resign when checkmated, as otherwise when loss is inevitable.

A player who makes an illegal move loses immediately. (This rule may be relaxed in casual games.) Players can also agree to a draw at any time, or if the game reaches a position such that the winning condition is impossible to fulfill for either player (called 持将棋 jishōgi, as in standard shogi). Under the historical rules, this means that no legal series of moves can lead to all of one player's royal pieces being captured; under the Japanese Chu Shogi Association's rules, this additionally means that no legal series of moves can lead to one player being left with only a king, or with no royal pieces. In professional play, drawn games are replayed with opposite colours.

Handicaps

Games between players of disparate strengths are often played with handicaps. In a handicap game, one or more of White's pieces are removed from the setup—in exchange, White may move up a few of his pieces or rearrange them to fill in the gaps and protect the weaker pieces, and White plays first.[5][6] Lions can also be handicapped by having Black's kirin promoted for a second lion, and, for a third, swapping Black's phoenix for White's kirin and promoting the latter.[7]

The imbalance created by this method of handicapping is not as strong as it is in international chess because material advantage is not as powerful in chu shogi as it is in chess.

The handicaps detailed in the Middle Shogi Manual, in increasing order of size, are as follows:

  • Copper General
  • Silver General
  • Blind Tiger
  • Ferocious Leopard
  • Gold General
  • Side Mover
  • Vertical Mover
  • Rook
  • Two Lions
  • Two Lions and a Copper General
  • Two Lions and a Silver General
  • Two Lions and a Ferocious Leopard
  • Two Lions and a Gold General
  • Two Lions and a Side Mover
  • Two Lions and a Vertical Mover
  • Three Lions
  • Three Lions and One Piece: Three Lions and a Queen
  • Three Lions and Two Pieces: Three Lions, a Queen and a Dragon King
  • Three Lions and Three Pieces: Three Lions, a Queen, a Dragon King and a Rook
  • Three Lions and Four Pieces: Three Lions, a Queen, a Dragon King, a Rook and a Vertical Mover
  • Three Lions and Five Pieces: Three Lions, a Queen, a Dragon King, a Rook, a Vertical Mover and a Side Mover

Other handicaps may be used, such as Queen, Queen and Dragon King, or Two Kings (where the weaker player begins with the Drunk Elephant promoted).

The relationship between handicaps and differences in rank is not universally agreed upon, with several systems in use. Colin Adams' suggestion is as follows:

Grade difference Handicap
0 Alternating Black and White (no handicap)
1 Black (the weaker player moves first)
2 Gold General (the stronger player removes a gold general, or any of the other four step movers)
3 Side Mover
4 Vertical Mover
5 Alternating Rook and Queen
6 Two Lions
7 Two Lions and a Step Mover (copper general, silver general, ferocious leopard, or gold general)
8 Two Lions and a Side Mover
9 Two Lions and a Vertical Mover
10 Alternating Two Lions and a Vertical Mover and Three Lions
11 Three Lions
12 Alternating Three Lions and Three Lions and a Queen
13 Three Lions and a Queen
14 Three Lions, a Queen and a Dragon King
15 Three Lions, a Queen, a Dragon King and a Rook
16 Three Lions, a Queen, a Dragon King, a Rook and a Vertical Mover
17 Three Lions, a Queen, a Dragon King, a Rook, a Vertical Mover and a Side Mover

He also suggests a grading system going downward from 20 kyū (beginner) to 1 kyū, and then upward from 1 dan to 9 dan.

Game notation

The method used in English-language texts to express shogi moves was established by George Hodges in 1976. It is derived from the algebraic notation used for chess, but modifications have been made for chu shogi.

A typical example is p-8f. The first letter represents the piece moved (see setup above). Promoted pieces have a + added in front of the letter, for example +p for a promoted pawn. The designation of the piece is followed by a symbol indicating the type of move: - for an ordinary move or x for a capture. Next is the designation for the square on which the piece lands. This consists of a number representing the file and a lowercase letter representing the rank, with 1a being the top right corner (as seen from Black's point of view) and 12l being the bottom left corner. (This method of designating squares is based on Japanese convention, which, however, uses Japanese numerals instead of letters. For example, the square 2c is denoted by 2三 in Japanese.)

If a move entitles the player to promote the piece, then a + is added to the end to signify that the promotion was taken, or an = to indicate that it was declined. For example, px7d= indicates a pawn capturing on 7d without promoting.

In cases where the above notation would be ambiguous, the designation of the start square is added after the designation for the piece in order to make clear which piece is meant.

When a 'Lion', 'Horned Falcon' or 'Soaring Eagle' captures by 'igui' (that is, without moving), the square of the piece being captured is used instead of the destination square, and this is preceded by the symbol '!'. For example, a Lion on 8c capturing a piece on 9d by igui would be shown as Lnx!9d.

When a piece makes a double capture with 'Lion' powers both captures are shown in the order that they were made. For example, a Lion on 3g, capturing a piece on 3h and then capturing another on 2i, would be represented by Lnx3hx2i.

Moves are commonly numbered as in chess.

Variations

Heisei chu shogi setup
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1  
  FL     G DE K G     FL   a
    B   BT     BT   B     b
    R DH DK Q Ln DK DH R     c
p p p p p p p p p p p p d
      GB         GB       e
                        f
                        g
      GB         GB       h
p p p p p p p p p p p p i
    R DH DK Ln Q DK DH R     j
    B   BT     BT   B     k
  FL     G K DE G     FL   l

One modern variant of chu shogi, called Heisei chu shogi (平成中将棋),[8] is played on a more open board. Forty percent of the pieces are set aside at setup and held in reserve, and once during the game a player may drop one of these on an empty square adjacent to a friendly piece. Captured pieces do not come back into play, and the rest of the game is played as in regular chu shogi.

The set-aside pieces are the Lances, Coppers, Silvers, Side Movers, Vertical Movers, Reverse Chariots, Kirin, and Phoenix. As with dropped pieces in standard shogi, the piece may not be dropped on a square from where it cannot move (e.g. a Lance in the far rank). If dropped into the promotion zone, the piece may promote immediately or on any subsequent move in the promotion zone.

Strategy

Piece values

According to the German Chu Shogi Association, the average values of the pieces are:

Average piece values
Piece name Approximate value Promotion Approximate value
Lion 20 — —
Queen 12 — —
Dragon King 8 Soaring Eagle 11
Dragon Horse 7 Horned Falcon 10
Rook 6 Dragon King 8
Bishop 5 Dragon Horse 7
Vertical Mover 4 Flying Ox 8
Side Mover 4 Free Boar 8
King 4 — —
Phoenix 3 Queen 12
Kirin 3 Lion 20
Reverse Chariot 3 Whale 5
Lance 3 White Horse 7
Drunk Elephant 3 Prince 4
Gold General 3 Rook 6
Ferocious Leopard 3 Bishop 5
Blind Tiger 3 Flying Stag 6
Silver General 2 Vertical Mover 4
Copper General 2 Side Mover 4
Go-between 1 Drunk Elephant 3
Pawn 1 Gold General 3

These average values do not take into account the special status of the king and prince as royal pieces. They have also been normalized so that the pawn is worth 1 point to avoid fractions. Additionally, pieces gain in value if they have a good chance of promotion. This is particularly significant for the phoenix and kirin, which promote to the two most powerful pieces in the game.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "故・大山康晴名人による中将棋のススメ". 中将棋連盟. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  2. ↑ The Middle Shogi Manual allows pieces regain their promotability after they move once without promoting. However, the Japanese Chu Shogi Association uses a different promotion rule, where a piece can only promote on a non-capture when it enters the zone. Once in the zone pieces can only promote on captures. There is strong evidence from historic mating problems that this has always been the rule in Japan.
  3. ↑ Translation by Hidetchi of Chu-Shogi-renmei site
  4. ↑ http://www.chushogi-renmei.com/kouza/rule.htm rule 2.3
    ("　三.両軍がともに駒を消耗しあい、駒枯れの状態になった場合、玉将２枚と成金１枚だけが盤面に残ったときは成金のある側が勝ちとなります。")
    An example of this is discussed in section 5.5 of the same page, second diagram.
  5. ↑ Chu Shogi Handicaps and Grades
  6. ↑ German Chu Shogi Association
  7. ↑ Richard's Play-by-eMail rules for ChuShogi
  8. ↑ Heisei Chu Shogi

External links

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