Churches of Rome
There are more than 900 churches in Rome,[1] including some notable Roman Catholic Marian churches. Most, but not all, of these are Roman Catholic.
The first churches of Rome originated in places where Christians met. They were divided into three categories:
- the houses of private Roman citizens (people who hosted the meetings of Christians – also known as oratoria, oracula)
- the deaconries (places where charity distributions were given to the poor and placed under the control of a deacon; the greatest deaconries had many deacons, and one of them was elected archdeacon)
- other houses holding a titulus (known as domus ecclesia)
Tituli
Pope Marcellus I (A.D. 306-308) is said to have recognized twenty five tituli in the City of Rome, quasi dioecesis.[2] It is known that in 336, Pope Julius I had set the number of presbyter cardinals to 28, so that for each day of the week, a different presbyter cardinal would say mass in one of the four major basilicas of Rome, St. Peter's, Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls, Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, and Basilica of St. John Lateran.[3] In Stephan Kuttner's view,[4] "...the Roman cardinal priests and bishops were 'incardinated' for permanent (though limited) purposes into the patriarchal basilicas while remaining bound nonetheless to the churches of their original ordination."
Only the tituli were allowed to distribute sacraments. The most important priest in a titulus was given the name of Cardinal.[5] Pope Marcellus I (at the beginning of the 4th century) confirmed that the tituli were the only centres of administration in the Church. In AD 499, a synod held by Pope Symmachus listed all the presbyters participating, as well as the tituli who were present at that time:[6]
- Titulus Aemilianae (Santi Quattro Coronati)
- Titulus Anastasiae (Santa Anastasia)
- Titulus SS Apostolorum (Santi Apostoli)
- Titulus Byzantis or Vizantis (unknown, perhaps "Titulus Pammachii")
- Titulus S Caeciliae (Santa Cecilia in Trastevere)
- Titulus Clementis (San Clemente)
- Titulus Crescentianae (San Sisto Vecchio)
- Titulus Crysogoni (San Crisogono)
- Titulus Cyriaci (Uncertain; theories include Santa Maria Antiqua and Santa Maria in Domnica)
- Titulus Damasi (San Lorenzo in Damaso)
- Titulus Equitii (San Martino ai Monti)
- Titulus Eusebi (Sant'Eusebio)
- Titulus Fasciolae (Santi Nereo e Achilleo)
- Titulus Gaii (Santa Susanna)
- Titulus Iulii (Santa Maria in Trastevere, identical with Titulus Callixti)
- Titulus Lucinae (San Lorenzo in Lucina)
- Titulus Marcelli (San Marcello al Corso)
- Titulus Marci (San Marco)
- Titulus Matthaei (in Via Merulana, destroyed in 1810)
- Titulus Nicomedis (in Via Nomentana, destroyed)
- Titulus Pammachii (Santi Giovanni e Paolo (Rome))
- Titulus Praxedis (Santa Prassede)
- Titulus Priscae (Santa Prisca)
- Titulus Pudentis (Santa Pudenziana)
- Titulus Romani (unknown, perhaps either Santa Maria Antiqua or Santa Maria in Domnica; whichever, the "Titulus Cyriaci" was not)
- Titulus S Sabinae (Santa Sabina)
- Titulus Tigridae (uncertain, perhaps Santa Balbina)
- Titulus Vestinae (San Vitale)
"Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome"
In the time of Pope Alexander II (1061-1073) those priests who served at St. Peter's Basilica were referred to as the seven cardinals of S. Peter's: septem cardinalibus S. Petri.[7] The four basilicas had no cardinal, since they were under the direct supervision of the Pope. The Basilica of St. John Lateran was also the seat of the bishop of Rome. Traditionally, pilgrims were expected to visit all four basilicas, and San Lorenzo fuori le mura, Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, and San Sebastiano fuori le mura which constituted the Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome. In the Great Jubilee in 2000, the seventh church was instead Santuario della Madonna del Divino Amore as appointed by Pope John Paul II.
Notable churches by construction time
This is a list of churches of Rome cited in Wikipedia articles or with related files on Wikimedia Commons.
The churches are grouped according to the time of their initial construction: the dates are those of the first record of each church. The reader, however, should not expect the current fabric of the buildings to reflect that age, since over the centuries most have undergone reconstruction. Almost all the churches will thus appear considerably more recent, and as a patchwork of periods and styles.
A number of interesting churches are now closed, it must be noted, except on special occasions, such as weddings. These include: Santa Balbina, Santi Nereo e Achilleo, San Cesareo in Palatio and Sant'Urbano.
4th century
- San Martino ai Monti (4th century)[8]
- Santi Quattro Coronati (314)
- Old St. Peter's Basilica (324)
- San Giovanni in Laterano (324)
- Santa Croce in Gerusalemme (325)
- Santa Susanna (330)
- San Marco (336)
- Santa Anastasia (early-4th century)
- Santa Costanza (early-4th century)
- Santa Maria in Trastevere (early-4th century)
- Santi Nereo e Achilleo (before 377)
- San Lorenzo in Damaso (380)
- Saint Paul Outside the Walls (386)
- Santi Giovanni e Paolo (Rome) (398)
- San Sisto Vecchio (late-4th century)
- San Clemente (4th century)
- San Lorenzo in Lucina (4th century)
- Santi Marcellino e Pietro (4th century)
- Santa Pudenziana (4th century)
- San Sebastiano fuori le mura (4th century)
- San Vitale (400)
- San Marcello al Corso (probably late-4th century)
- Santi Bonifacio e Alessio (between 3rd and 4th century)
5th century
- Santa Sabina (432)
- San Lorenzo in Lucina (430s)
- Santa Maria Maggiore (430s)
- Santo Stefano Rotondo (460)
- Sant'Agata dei Goti (460s; originally Arian, the only Arian foundation to survive in Rome)
- Sant'Eusebio (before 474)
- Santa Bibiana (476)
- San Giovanni a Porta Latina (late-5th century)
- Santa Cecilia in Trastevere
- San Crisogono
- San Giovanni in Oleo
- Santa Maria Antiqua
- Santa Maria in Via Lata
- San Paolo alle Tre Fontane
- San Pietro in Vincoli, titular church for a cardinal-priest
- Santa Prisca
6th century
- Santi Cosma e Damiano (527)
- Santa Lucia in Selci (early-6th century)
- San Pancrazio (early 6th century)
- Santi Apostoli (573)
- San Lorenzo fuori le Mura (580s)
- Santa Balbina (595)
- Santa Maria in Aracoeli
- Santa Maria in Cosmedin
- San Nicola in Carcere
- San Teodoro
7th century
- Sant'Agnese fuori le mura (mid-7th century)
- Sant'Apollinare
- San Giacomo Scossacavalli (mentioned for the first time in 7th century)
- San Giorgio al Velabro
- San Lorenzo in Miranda (11th century, but possibly 7th century)
- Santi Luca e Martina
- Santa Maria in Domnica
- Santa Maria ad Martyres
8th century
- Sant'Angelo in Pescheria (755 or 770)
- Santa Prassede (800)
- San Silvestro in Capite
- Sant'Eustachio
9th century
- Santa Francesca Romana
- Santa Passera (the name comes from "Abbas Cyrus", Father Cyrus)
- Santo Stefano degli Ungheresi (lost)
- San Lorenzo in Panisperna (late-9th century)
- Santi Celso e Giuliano
10th century
11th century
- San Silvestro al Quirinale (before 1039)
- Santa Maria del Popolo (1099)
- San Lorenzo in Miranda (11th century, but possibly 7th century)
12th century
- San Benedetto in Piscinula (at the beginning of the Trastevere in front of the Tiber Island)
- Sant'Andrea delle Fratte
- Santa Maria della Pietà
- Santi Michele e Magno (in Borgo)
- San Salvatore in Lauro
- San Salvatore alle Coppelle (1195)
- Santo Spirito in Sassia
- San Gregorio Magno al Celio (late-12th century)
13th century
- San Francesco a Ripa (1231)
- Santa Maria sopra Minerva (mid-13th century)
- Santissime Stimmate di San Francesco (1297)
14th century
- Santa Barbara dei Librai (1306)
- Santa Maria dell'Anima (after 1350)
15th century
- San Gregorio della Divina Pietà or San Gregorio a Ponte Quattro Capi (after 1403)
- Sant'Onofrio al Gianicolo (1439)
- San Giacomo degli Spagnoli or Nostra Signora del Sacro Cuore (1450)
- Santa Maria della Pace (1482)
- Sant'Agostino (1483)
- San Pietro in Montorio (1500), titular church for a cardinal-priest
16th century
- Santa Maria della Consolazione (1506)
- Santa Maria di Loreto (1507)
- Santa Maria in Porta Paradisi (rebuilt in 1523)
- Santa Maria dell'Orto (1567)
- Sant'Andrea in Via Flaminia, also known as Sant'Andrea del Vignola (1553)
- Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri (1561)
- Santa Caterina dei Funari (1564)
- Santa Maria in Traspontina (1566)
- Santa Caterina a Magnanapoli (1575)
- Santa Maria in Vallicella (1575)
- Church of the Gesù (1580)
- Santa Maria dei Monti (1580)
- Trinità dei Monti (1585)
- San Luigi dei Francesi (1589)
- Sant'Andrea degli Scozzesi (1592)
- Santa Maria Odigitria al Tritone (1594)
- Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli (1594)
- Santa Maria dei Miracoli (1597)
- Santissima Trinità dei Pellegrini (1597)
- San Bernardo alle Terme (1598)
- San Giacomo in Augusta (1600)
17th century
- Santo Stefano del Cacco (1607)
- Santa Maria della Scala (1610)
- Santa Maria della Vittoria (1620)
- Santi Ambrogio e Carlo (1612)
- San Bonaventura al Palatino (1625)
- Sant'Ignazio (1626)
- Sant'Egidio (1630)
- Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini (1631)
- San Nicola dei Lorenesi (1632)
- Domine Quo Vadis (1637)
- San Carlo ai Catinari (1638)
- Sant'Antonio dei Portoghesi (1638)
- San Giovanni Calibita (1640)
- San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (1641)
- Sant'Andrea della Valle (1650)
- Santi Vincenzo e Anastasio a Trevi (1650)
- Sant'Agnese in Agone (1652)
- Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza (1660)
- San Giuseppe dei Falegnami (1663)
- Santa Maria in Campitelli (1667)
- Gesù e Maria (1675)
- Santa Maria in Montesanto (1675)
- Sant'Andrea al Quirinale (1678)
- San Michele a Ripa (1693)
- Church of Santa Maria Maddalena (Rome) (1699)
18th century
19th century
- St. Alphonsus Liguori Church (1859)
- St Andrew's Church (1885)
- Chiesa di Sant'Anselmo all'Aventino (1892–1896)
20th century
- Christuskirche (1910–1922)
- Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re (1920–1934)
- Nostra Signora di Guadalupe a Monte Mario (1928–1932)
- Gran Madre di Dio (1933–1937)
- San Paolo alla Regola (year?) cardinal deaconry since 1946
- Sant'Eugenio (1942–1951)
- Ss. Pietro e Paolo a Via Ostiense (1938–1955)
- Santa Maria Addolorata a piazza Buenos Aires (1910–1930)
- San Gregorio VII (1960–1961)
- San Policarpo all'Acquedotto Claudio (1960), parochial church; since 2015 also (youngest?) titular church for a Cardinal-priest
- Santissimo Nome di Maria in Via Latina (1981)
21st century
- Dio Padre Misericordioso (2003)
See also
References
- ↑ Clarke, Stuardt. "The Churches of Rome: Major and Minor". Stuardt Clarkes Rome. Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
- ↑ Loomis, Louise Ropes (1916). The Book of the Popes (Liber Pontificalis) I, to the Pontificate of Gregory I. Records of Civilization: Sources and Studies. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 38. "...quasi dioecesis, propter baptismum et paenitentiam multorum qui convertebantur ex paganis et propter sepulturas martyrum ('like a diocese, for the sake of baptism and penance of many who were being converted from paganism and for the sake of burials of martyrs')." Mommsen, Theodor (1898). Gestorum pontificum romanorum. Monumenta Germaniae Historica,. Berlin: Apud Weidmannos. p. 43.
- ↑ Kuttner, pp. 148-149, attributes the change from 25 to 28 to the eighth century, following Klewitz, pp. 120, 151, 156-157.
- ↑ Kuttner, p. 150.
- ↑ The title 'cardinal', however, is not attested in authentic papal documents until the reign of Pope Stephen III (768-772): Kuttner, p. 149.
- ↑ Guruge, Anura (2010). The Next Pope. WOWNH, LLC. p. 83. ISBN 9780615353722.
- ↑ Kuttner, p. 152.
- ↑ Some scholars have identified the 3rd-century hall beneath the church as a meeting room for a Christian community. Others do not agree with this view, claiming there are no proofs of Christian use before the 6th century. Krautheimer, p. 115.
Books
- Kehr, Paul Fridolin (1906). Italia pontificia, I: Roma. Berlin: Weidmann. pp. 1–7.
- Barker, Ethel Ross (1913). "VI". Rome of the Pilgrims and Martyrs: A Study in the Martyrologies, Itineraries, Syllogae, & Other Contemporary Documents. London: Methuen & Company, Limited.
- Hülsen, Christian (1927). Le chiese di Roma nel medio evo: cataloghi ed appvnti. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag. ISBN 978-3-487-40631-2.
- H. W. Klewitz, "Die Entstehung des Kardinalskollegiums," Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte. Kanonische Abteilung 25 (1936), 115-221.
- Krautheimer, R., Corpus Basilicarum Christianarum Romae, vol. 3.
- Kuttner, Stephan (1945). "Cardinalis: The History of a Canonical Concept". Traditio 3: 129–214. Retrieved 2016-04-11 – via JSTOR. (registration required (help)).
- Korn, Frank J. (2000). A Catholic's Guide to Rome: Discovering the Soul of the Eternal City. New Yorn-Mahwah NJ: Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-3926-2.
- Rüpke, Jörg (2005). Fasti sacerdotum. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-07456-8.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Churches of Rome. |
- Thayer's Churches of Rome, including the books by Christian Huelsen, Mariano Armellini, and Filippo Titi
- Clarke's Churches of Rome
- Map of titular churches