Cindy Sherman

Cindy Sherman
Born Cynthia Morris Sherman
(1954-01-19) January 19, 1954
Glen Ridge, New Jersey, U.S.
Nationality American
Education Buffalo State College
Known for Photography
Notable work Untitled #96, Untitled #153, Complete Untitled Film Stills, 1977–1980
Spouse(s) Michel Auder (1984–1999; divorced)
Awards MacArthur Fellowship
Untitled #96
Artist Cindy Sherman
Year 1981
Type Photograph
Material Chromogenic color print
Dimensions 61 cm × 120 cm (24 in × 48 in); [1]
Owner Anonymous

Cynthia "Cindy" Morris Sherman (born January 19, 1954) is an American photographer and film director, best known for her conceptual portraits. In 1995, she was the recipient of a MacArthur Fellowship.

Early life and education

She was born in Glen Ridge, New Jersey, the youngest of five children.[2][3] Shortly after her birth, her family moved to the township of Huntington, Long Island, where her father worked as an engineer for Grumman Aircraft.[4] Her mother taught children with learning difficulties to read.[5]

Sherman became interested in the visual arts at Buffalo State College, where she began painting. Frustrated with what she saw as the medium's limitations, she abandoned the form and took up photography. "[T]here was nothing more to say [through painting]", she later recalled. "I was meticulously copying other art and then I realized I could just use a camera and put my time into an idea instead."[6] Sherman has said about this time: "One of the reasons I started photographing myself was that supposedly in the spring one of my teachers would take the class out to a place near Buffalo where there were waterfalls and everybody romps around without clothes on and takes pictures of each other. I thought, ‘Oh, I don't want to do this. But if we're going to have to go to the woods I better deal with it early.’ Luckily we never had to do that."[7] She spent the remainder of her college education focused on photography. Though Sherman had failed a required photography class as a freshman, she repeated the course with Barbara Jo Revelle, whom she credits with introducing her to conceptual art and other contemporary forms.[8] At college she met Robert Longo, who encouraged her to record her process of "dolling up" for parties.[9]

In 1974, together with Longo, Charles Clough and Nancy Dwyer, she created Hallwalls, an arts center intended as a space that would accommodate artists from diverse backgrounds. Sherman was also exposed to the contemporary art exhibited at the Albright-Knox Art Gallery, the two Buffalo campuses of the SUNY school system, Media Studies Buffalo, and the Center for Exploratory and Perceptual Arts, and Artpark, in nearby Lewiston, N.Y.[10]

It was in Buffalo that Sherman encountered the photo-based Conceptual works of artists Hannah Wilke, Eleanor Antin, and Adrian Piper.[11] Along with artists like Laurie Simmons, Louise Lawler, and Barbara Kruger, Sherman is considered to be part of the Pictures Generation.[12]

Photography

Works (selection, external)

Sherman works in series, typically photographing herself in a range of costumes. To create her photographs, Sherman shoots alone in her studio, assuming multiple roles as author, director, make-up artist, hairstylist, wardrobe mistress, and model.[13]

Early work

Bus Riders (1976–2000) is a series of photographs that feature the artist as a variety of meticulously observed characters. The photographs were shot in 1976 and are among the artist's earliest work but, like another series entitled Murder Mystery People, were not printed or exhibited until 2000. Sherman uses elaborate costumes and make-up to transform her identity for each image, but is photographed in a sparse, obviously staged setting with a wooden chair standing in for the bus seat. In this early series, Sherman explores a spectrum of societal archetypes, but since 1976 focused her practice almost exclusively on the exploration of representations of Caucasian women.[14]

In her landmark 69-photograph series, the Complete Untitled Film Stills (1977–80; although the 1997 traveling MOCA retrospective included five straight-on head shots dated 1975), Sherman appeared as B-movie, foreign film and film noir style actresses. When asked if she considers herself to be acting in her photographs, Sherman said, “I never thought I was acting. When I became involved with close-ups I needed more information in the expression. I couldn't depend on background or atmosphere. I wanted the story to come from the face. Somehow the acting just happened.”[7]

Many of Sherman's photo-series, like the 1981 Centerfolds, call attention to the stereotyping of women in films, television and magazines. When talking about one of her centerfold pictures Sherman stated, "In content I wanted a man opening up the magazine suddenly look at it with an expectation of something lascivious and then feel like the violator that they would be. Looking at this woman who is perhaps a victim. I didn't think of them as victims at the time... But I suppose... Obviously I'm trying to make someone feel bad for having a certain expectation."[15]

She explained to the New York Times in 1990, "I feel I'm anonymous in my work. When I look at the pictures, I never see myself; they aren't self-portraits. Sometimes I disappear."[16] She describes her process as intuitive, and that she responds to elements of a setting such as light, mood, location, and costume, and will continue to change external elements until she finds what she wants. She has said of her process, "I think of becoming a different person. I look into a mirror next to the camera…it’s trance-like. By staring into it I try to become that character through the lens ... When I see what I want, my intuition takes over—both in the 'acting' and in the editing. Seeing that other person that’s up there, that’s what I want. It's like magic.”[7]

The Untitled Film Stills

The series Untitled Film Stills, 1977–1980, with which Cindy Sherman achieved international recognition, consists of 69 black-and-white photographs. The artist poses in different roles and settings (streets, yards, pools, beaches, and interiors),[17] producing a result reminiscent of stills typical of Italian neorealism or American film noir of the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s.[18] She avoided putting titles on the images to preserve their ambiguity.[19] Modest in scale compared to Sherman’s later cibachrome photographs, they are all 8 1/2 by 11 inches, each displayed in identical, simple black frames.[20] Sherman used her own possessions as props, or sometimes borrowed, as in Untitled Film Still #11 in which the doggy pillow belongs to a friend. The shots were also largely taken in her own apartment. The Untitled Film Stills fall into several distinct groups:

She eventually completed the series in 1980, stopping, she has explained, when she ran out of clichés. In December 1995, the Museum of Modern Art, New York, acquired all sixty-nine black-and-white photographs in Sherman's Untitled Film Stills series[22] for an estimated $1 million.[23]

1980s

In addition to her film stills, Sherman has appropriated a number of other visual forms— the centerfold, fashion photograph, historical portrait, and soft-core sex image. These and other series, like the 1980s "Fairy Tales and Disasters" sequence, were shown for the first time at the Metro Pictures Gallery in New York City.

During the 1980s Sherman began to use colour film, to exhibit very large prints, and to concentrate more on lighting and facial expression. It was with her series Rear Screen Projections, 1980, that Sherman switched from black-and-white to color and to clearly larger formats. Centerfolds/Horizontals, 1981, are inspired by the center spreads in fashion and pornographic magazines. The twelve (24 by 48 inches) photographs were initially commissioned — but not used — by Artforum's Editor in Chief Ingrid Sischy for an artist's section in the magazine. Close-cropped and close up, they portray young women in various roles, from a sultry seductress to a frightened, vulnerable victim who might have just been raped.[24] She poses either on the floor or in bed, usually recumbent and often supine.[25] Due to the artist's proximity to the camera and to the larger-than-life scale she assumes in the prints, her corporeal presence is emphasized.[25] About her aims with the self-portraits, Sherman has said: "Some of them I'd hope would seem very psychological. While I'm working I might feel as tormented as the person I'm portraying.”[7]

In 1982, Sherman began her Pink Robes series which includes Untitled #97, #98, #99 and #100. These self-portraits feature a pink chenille bathrobe which she is either holding or wearing. The slightly larger than life-size photographs were shot closeup so that the artist entirely fills the frame. Sherman has explained: ‘I was thinking of the idea of the centerfold model. The pictures were meant to look like a model just after she’d been photographed for a centerfold. They aren’t cropped, and I thought that I wouldn’t bother with make-up and wigs and just change the lighting and experiment while using the same means in each.’ The Pink Robes, stripped of all theatrical or cinematic references, present portraits which many critics have interpreted as revealing the ‘real’ Cindy Sherman. However this reading must take account of the several Cindy Shermans operating to produce the image, including Sherman-the-director, the lighting assistant, the photographer and the model. The artist’s concealment of her body and her direct gaze at the camera result in images which frustrate any desire on the viewer’s part for possession through visual knowledge, as is supplied, albeit in an illusory form, by a traditional centrefold photograph. The portraits depict a woman in a situation which implies vulnerability, but the decreasing light and Sherman’s increasingly hostile expression suggest that she protects herself by retreating into the dark shadows out of which she looks defiantly back at the viewer, refusing objectification. The large scale of the photographs confers an iconic power to these images of a woman resisting physical and psychological exploitation of the male gaze.[26]

In Fairy Tales, 1985, and Disasters, 1986–1989, Cindy Sherman uses visible prostheses and mannequins for the first time.[18] Provoked by the 1989 NEA funding controversy involving photographs by Robert Mapplethorpe and Andres Serrano at the Corcoran Gallery of Art, as well as the way Jeff Koons modeled his porn star wife in his "Made in Heaven" series,[21] Sherman produced the Sex series in 1989. For once she removed herself from the shots, as these photographs featured pieced-together medical dummies in flagrante delicto.

Between 1989 and 1990, Sherman made 35 large, color photographs restaging the settings of various European portrait paintings of the fifteenth through early 19th centuries. Under the title History Portraits Sherman photographed herself in costumes flanked with props and prosthetics portraying famous artistic figures of the past, like Raphael’s La Fornarina, Caravaggio’s Sick Bacchus and Judith Beheading Holofernes, or Jean Fouquet's Madonna of Melun.[27][28]

1990s

Sex Pictures

Sherman uses prosthetic limbs and mannequins to create her Sex Pictures series (1992). Hal Foster, an American art critic, describes Sherman’s Sex Pictures in his article Obscene, Abject, Traumatic as “[i]n this scheme of things the impulse to erode the subject and to tear at the screen has driven Sherman […] to her recent work, where it is obliterated by the gaze.” [29] Moreover, Abigail Solomon- Godeau, a photo critic who taught art history at the University of California, illustrates Sherman’s work in Suitable for Framing: The Critical Recasting of Cindy Sherman. Solomon-Godeau writes, “[Sherman's] pictures have struck many viewers as centrally concerned with the problematics of femininity (as role, as image, as spectacle); more recent interpretation now finds them redolent with allusion to “our common humanity,” revealing “a progression through the deserts of human condition.” [30] Reviewer Jerry Saltz told New York magazine that Sherman’s work is “[f]ashioned from dismembered and recombined mannequins, some adorned with pubic hair, one posed with a tampon in vagina, another with sausages being excreted from vulva, this was anti-porn porn, the unsexiest sex pictures ever made, visions of feigning, fighting, perversion. … Today, I think of Cindy Sherman as an artist who only gets better.”[31] Commentator Greg Fallis of Utata Tribal Photography describes Sherman’s Sex Pictures series and her work as follow: "[t]he progression of her work reflects more than a progression of ideology. It also demonstrates a progression in approach. Sherman’s initial photographs used relatively few props—just clothing. As her photographs became more sophisticated, so did her props. During her Centerfold series, she began to incorporate prosthetic body part culled from the pages of medical educational catalogs. Each new series tended to utilize more prosthetics and less of Sherman herself. By the time she began the Sex Pictures series, the photographs were exclusively of prosthetic body parts. With her Sex Pictures Sherman posed medical prostheses in sexualized positions, recreating—and strangely modifying—pornography. They are a comment on the intersection of art and taste, they are a comment on pornography and the way porn objectifies the men and women who pose for it, they are a comment on social discomfort with overt sexuality, and they are a comment on the relationship between sex and violence. Yet the emphasis is still on creating a striking image that seems simultaneously familiar and strange." Utata's Sunday Salon[32]

2000s

Between 2003 and 2004, Sherman produced the Clowns cycle, where the use of digital photography enabled her to create chromatically garish backdrops and montages of numerous characters. Set against opulent backdrops and presented in ornate frames, the characters in Sherman’s 2008 untitled Society Portraits are not based on specific women, but the artist has made them look entirely familiar in their struggle with the standards of beauty that prevail in a youth- and status-obsessed culture.

Her exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in 2012 also presented a photographic mural (2010–11) that represents the artist's first foray into transforming space through site-specific fictive environments. In the mural, Sherman transforms her face digitally, exaggerating her features through Photoshop by elongating her nose, narrowing her eyes, or creating smaller lips.[33] Based on a 32-page insert[34] Sherman did for POP using vintage clothes from Chanel’s archive, a more recent series of large-scale pictures from 2012 depict outsized enigmatic female figures standing in striking isolation before ominous painterly landscapes the artist had photographed in Iceland during the 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull and on the isle of Capri.[35]

Fashion

Sherman’s career has also included several fashion series. In 1983, fashion designer and retailer Dianne Benson commissioned her to create a series of advertisements for her store, Dianne B., that appeared in several issues of Interview magazine.[36] That same year, French fashion house Dorothée Bis offered its own clothes for a series to appear in French Vogue. The images Sherman created for these two ‘fashion shoots’ are the antithesis of the glamorous world of fashion. The model in the photographs appears silly, angry, dejected, exhausted, abused, scarred, grimy and psychologically disturbed.[37] Sherman also created photographs for an editorial in Harper's Bazaar in 1993.[38] In 1994, she produced the Post Card Series for Comme des Garçons for the brand's autumn/winter 1994–95 collections in collaboration with Rei Kawakubo.

In 2006, she created a series of fashion advertisements for designer Marc Jacobs. The advertisements themselves were photographed by Juergen Teller and released as a monograph by Rizzoli. For Balenciaga, Sherman created the six-image series Cindy Sherman: Untitled (Balenciaga) in 2008; they were first shown to the public in 2010.[39] Also in 2010, Sherman collaborated on a design for a piece of jewelry.[40]

In 2011, cosmetic giant M.A.C. picked Sherman as the face of their fall line. In the three images of the campaign, Sherman uses the line to completely alter her look appearing as a garish heiress, a doll-like ingénue and a full-on clown.[41]

Music and films

In the early 1990s, Sherman worked with Minneapolis band Babes in Toyland, providing photographs for covers for the albums Fontanelle and Painkillers, creating a stage backdrop used in live concerts, and acting in the promotional video for the song "Bruise Violet."[42] She also worked as a film director. Her first film was Office Killer in 1997,[43] starring Jeanne Tripplehorn, Molly Ringwald and Carol Kane. She had a cameo role in John Waters' film Pecker, and also appeared in The Feature in 2008, starring ex-husband Michel Auder, which won a New Vision Award. Echoing similar grisly and gory elements as her Untitled Horror series, the film includes several artistically executed murder scenes. Office Killer grossed $37,446 and received generally poor reviews, calling the film "crude" and "laugh-free."[44]

Exhibitions

Sherman's first solo show in New York was presented at a noncommercial space called the Kitchen in 1980. When the Metro Pictures Gallery opened later that year, Sherman's photographs were the first show.[45] “Untitled Film Stills” were shown first at the non-profit gallery Artists Space where Sherman was working as a receptionist.[21]

Sherman has since participated in many international events, including SITE Santa Fe (2004); the Venice Biennale (1982, 1995); and five Whitney Biennials. In addition to numerous group exhibitions, Sherman's work was the subject of solo exhibitions at the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam (1982), Whitney Museum of American Art in New York (1987), Kunsthalle Basel (1991), Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in Washington, D.C. (1995), the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (1998), the Serpentine Gallery in London and the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art (2003), and Martin-Gropius-Bau in Berlin (2006), among others. Major traveling retrospectives of Sherman’s work have been organized by the Museum Boymans-van Beuningen in Rotterdam (1996); the Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles and the Museum of Modern Art in New York (1997); and Kunsthaus Bregenz, Austria, Louisiana Museum for Moderne Kunst, Denmark, and Jeu de Paume in Paris (2006–2007). In 2009, Sherman was included in the seminal show "The Pictures Generation, 1974–1984" at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.[46]

In 2012, the Museum of Modern Art mounted “Cindy Sherman,” a show that chronicled Sherman's work from the mid-1970s on and include more than 170 photographs. The exhibition travelled to the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art and the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis.[47] In 2013, Sherman was invited to organize a show within that year's Venice Biennale, including works by little-known artists as well as popular names such as George Condo, Robert Gober, Paul McCarthy, Charles Ray, and Rosemarie Trockel.[48]

Collections

Works by Sherman are held in, among others, the Tate Gallery, London; the Art Institute of Chicago; the Museum of Modern Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; the Madison Museum of Contemporary Art;[49] the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago; the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles; the Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo; the Australian National Gallery, Canberra; the Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris; the Centro de Arte Reina Sofia, Madrid; the Moderna Museet, Stockholm; and the Hamburger Bahnhof, Berlin.

Feminism

Sherman's work is often linked to feminism, since her photos call attention to the objectification of women in the media. Sherman's 1981 series Centerfolds contains pseudo-voyeuristic images of young women. Her 2008 series Society Pictures addresses the obsession with female youth and beauty in American society. However, Sherman does not consider her work or herself to be feminist, stating "The work is what it is and hopefully it's seen as feminist work, or feminist-advised work, but I'm not going to go around espousing theoretical bullshit about feminist stuff."[50]

Recognition

In 1981, Sherman was artist-in-residence at the non-profit Light Work in Syracuse, New York.[51] In 1995, she was the recipient of one of the prestigious MacArthur Fellowships, popularly known as the "Genius Awards." This fellowship grants $500,000 over five years, no strings attached, to important scholars in a wide range of fields, to encourage their future creative work. Among her awards are the Larry Aldrich Foundation Award (1993); Wolfgang Hahn Prize (1997); Hasselblad Award (1999); Guild Hall Academy of the Arts Lifetime Achievement Award for Visual Arts (2005); American Academy of Arts and Sciences Award (2003); National Arts Award (2001); Jewish Museum’s Man Ray Award (2009);[52] and the Roswitha Haftmann Prize (2012). In 2010, Sherman was elected an Honorary Member of the Royal Academy of Arts, London. She received an honorary doctorate degree from the Royal College of Art, London, in 2013.[53]

At the 10th anniversary Gala in the Garden at the Hammer Museum in 2012, Sherman was honored by actor Steve Martin.[54] In 2012, Sherman was among the artists whose works were given as trophies to the filmmakers of winning pictures in the 2012 Tribeca Film Festival's jury competitions.[55]

Art market

Sherman’s early photos come in editions of ten. Among the Film Stills, which come in three sizes, Untitled #13 (1978),[56] Untitled #21 (1978),[57] and Untitled #48 (1979)[58] are regarded the most sought after.[59] In 1981, when Metro Pictures first exhibited 12 Centerfolds (only 12 prints in editions of 10 were produced), each was priced at $1,000; prices have since developed rapidly. Starting with the Fairy Tales, Sherman began printing her color works in editions of six, with few exceptions.[59]

Untitled #153
Artist Cindy Sherman
Year 1985
Type Photograph
Material Chromogenic color print
Dimensions 170 cm × 120 cm (67 in × 49 in); [60]
Owner Anonymous

Sherman has in the past spoken of being irritated that her male counterparts from the early 1980s — Robert Longo, Richard Prince, Eric Fischl, David Salle and Julian Schnabel — were more quickly rewarded by the market.[43] Her annual auction revenue between 2000 and 2006 had remained mostly in the range of $1.5 million to $2.8 million and then jumped in 2007 to $8.9 million.[61] In 2010, Sherman’s nearly six foot tall chromogenic color print Untitled #153 (1985), featuring the artist as a mudcaked corpse, was sold by Phillips de Pury & Company for a record $2.7 million, near the $3 million high estimate.[62] In 2011, a print of Untitled #96, which depicts Sherman as a lovelorn woman clutching a personal ad while lying on a kitchen floor, fetched $3.89 million at Christie's, making it the most expensive photograph at that time. It was a part of an edition of 10 from 1981.[63]

Sherman has stayed with her original dealers Metro Pictures, the New York gallery that presented her first solo show in 1979, and Sprüth Magers, which has represented her in Europe since 1984.[64] She sometimes has shown work with Gagosian Gallery in Los Angeles, Rome, and Paris.[59]

Influence

Sherman's work is often credited as a major influence for contemporary portrait photographers. One such photographer is Ryan Trecartin, who manipulates themes of identity in his videos and photography.[65]

In April 2014, actor and artist James Franco exhibited a series of photographs at the Pace Gallery called New Film Stills, in which Franco restaged twenty-nine images from Sherman's Untitled Film Stills.[66] The exhibit garnered mainly negative reviews, calling Franco's appropriations 'sophomoric,' 'sexist,' and embarrassingly clueless.'[67][68]

Personal life

Sherman married director Michel Auder in 1984, making her stepmother to Auder's daughter, Alexandra, and her half-sister Gaby Hoffmann.[69] They divorced in 1999.[70] From 2007 to 2011, she had a relationship with the artist David Byrne.[71] Between 1991 and 2005,[72] she lived in a fifth-floor co-op loft at 84 Mercer Street in Manhattan's Soho neighborhood; she later sold it to actor Hank Azaria.[73] She bought two floors in a 10-story condo building overlooking the Hudson River in West Soho,[34][72] and today uses one as her apartment and the other as her studio and office.[74]

Sherman long spent her summers in Catskill Mountains.[75] In 2000, she bought songwriter Marvin Hamlisch's[75] 4,200-square-foot house on 0.4 acre in Sag Harbor for $1.5 million.[76] She later acquired a 19th-century home on a ten-acre waterfront[77] property on Accabonac Harbor in East Hampton, New York.[78][79]

Sherman serves on the artistic advisory committee of the New York City-based Stephen Petronio Company.[80] Along with David Byrne, she was a member of Portugal's Estoril Film Festival's jury in 2009.[81]

In 2012, she joined Yoko Ono and nearly 150 fellow artists in the founding of Artists Against Fracking, a group in opposition to hydraulic fracturing to remove gas from underground deposits.[82]

Controversy

Sherman has been criticized for her early Bus Riders series (1976–2000).[83] American Theatre critic Margo Jefferson has written, "[The African-American figures] all have nearly the same features, too, while Ms. Sherman is able to give the white characters she impersonates a real range of skin tones and facial features. This didn't look like irony to me. It looked like a stale visual myth that was still in good working order."[84] However, the Museum of Modern Art's Eva Respini has said of Sherman and her contemporaries, The Pictures Generation, "They engaged with photography's capacity to examine and undermine the production of stereotypes and representations."[85]

Books

Film and video

References

  1. ↑ "Sale 2557 / Lot 10". Christie's. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  2. ↑ "Cindy Sherman | American photographer". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  3. ↑ Genocchio, Benjamin. "ART REVIEW; Portraits of the Artist as an Actor", The New York Times, April 4, 2004; accessed May 21, 2012. "Ms. Sherman was born in Glen Ridge; when she was 3, her family moved to Huntington Beach on Long Island."
  4. ↑ Carol Vogel (February 16, 2012), 'Cindy Sherman Unmasked", nytimes.com; accessed March 7, 2015.
  5. ↑ Simon Hattenstone (15 January 2011), Sherman: Me, myself and I The Guardian.
  6. ↑ "Biography - Cindy Sherman - Photographer, Model, Director, Actor, Avant-Garde Images, Doll Parts and Prosthetics, Movies". www.cindysherman.com. Retrieved 2016-03-05.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Fleury, Matthew. "BOMB Magazine profile". Bombsite.com. Retrieved 2014-07-30.
  8. ↑ Belasco, Daniel (2005-04-01), "Review of The Unseen Cindy Sherman: Early Transformations", Art in America
  9. ↑ Michael Small (November 30, 1987), Photographer Cindy Sherman Shoots Her Best Model—Herself People.
  10. 1 2 G. Roger Denson (March 5, 2012), Cindy Sherman as Orson Welles... as John Ford... as Vittorio De Sica... as Alfred Hitchcock..., Huffington Post; accessed February 24, 2015.
  11. ↑ Roberta Smith (February 23, 2012), "Photography's Angel Provocateur - ‘Cindy Sherman’ at Museum of Modern Art", nytimes.com; accessed March 7, 2015.
  12. ↑ Douglas Eklund, Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: The Pictures Generation, metmuseum.org; accessed March 7, 2015.
  13. ↑ "Metro Pictures". Metropicturesgallery.com. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  14. ↑ "'Untitled', Cindy Sherman". Tate. 2015-10-26. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  15. ↑ "Interview Magazine".
  16. ↑ "A Portraitist's Romp Through Art History", New York Times, February 1, 1990.
  17. ↑ Lance Esplund (February 27, 2012), Cindy Sherman Self-Portraits Offer Empty Entertainment: Review Bloomberg.
  18. 1 2 "Kunsthaus Bregenz". Kunsthaus-bregenz.at. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  19. ↑ Victoria Olsen (March 2009), Cindy Sherman: Monument Valley Girl Smithsonian Magazine.
  20. ↑ Helen Molesworth, Cindy Sherman's Untitled Film Stills twenty years later Frieze Magazine, Issue 36, September–October 1997.
  21. 1 2 3 Simon Schama (February 3, 2012), Cindy Sherman talks to Simon Schama Financial Times.
  22. ↑ Cindy Sherman: The Complete Untitled Film Stills, June 26-September 2, 1997 MoMA.
  23. ↑ Barry Schwabsky (April 18, 1999), A Photographer's Many Faces New York Times; accessed February 24, 2015.
  24. ↑ Grace Glueck (May 23, 2003), Cindy Sherman -- 'Centerfolds, 1981', nytimes.com, May 23, 2003.
  25. 1 2 Andy Grundberg (November 22, 1981), "Cindy Sherman: A Playful and Political Post-Modernist", nytimes.com, November 22, 1981; accessed February 24, 2015.
  26. ↑ "'Untitled #97', Cindy Sherman: Summary". Tate. 2015-10-26. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  27. ↑ Cindy Sherman: History Portraits, November 8-December 20, 2008 Skarstedt Gallery, New York.
  28. ↑ Kimberlee A. Cloutier-Blazzard, Cindy Sherman: Her “History Portrait” Series as Post-Modern Parody, Bread and Circus, July 29, 2007.
  29. ↑ Foster, Hal. "Obscene, Abject, Traumatic." Obscene, Abject, Traumatic 78 (1996): 106-24. Print. 15 Nov.2013.
  30. ↑ Solomon-Godeau, Abigail. "Suitable for Framing: The Critical Recasting of Cindy Sherman." (1991): 112-15. Web. November 15, 2013.
  31. ↑ Lindemann, Adam. "All Hail Cindy Sherman! Once Again, Unanimity Rules Among New York's Longtime Critics." Gallerist. N.p., March 13, 2012. Web. November 15, 2013.
  32. ↑ Fallis, Greg. "Sunday Salon with Greg Fallis", Sunday Salon, utata.org » Cindy Sherman. N.p., n.d. Web. October 29, 2013.
  33. ↑ SFMOMA Presents Cindy Sherman, April 11, 2012 San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco.
  34. 1 2 Cathy Horyn (January 11, 2012), The Real Cindy Sherman Harper's Bazaar.
  35. ↑ Cindy Sherman, April 28–June 9, 2012 Metro Pictures Gallery, New York.
  36. ↑ Cindy Sherman profile, phillipsdepury.com; accessed January 2, 2015.
  37. ↑ Cindy Sherman, Untitled #126 (1983) Tate Collection.
  38. ↑ Bridging the Art/Commerce Divide: Cindy Sherman and Rei Kawakubo of Comme des Garçons NYU Grey Art Gallery, New York.
  39. ↑ Palmer, Caroline. "FNO Highlight: Balenciaga Boasts Cindy Sherman and Karen Elson". Vogue. Retrieved 2014-07-30.
  40. ↑ Sarah Taylor (December 2010), "Cindy Sherman and Anna Hu get to work", wmagazine.com; accessed January 2, 2015.
  41. ↑ Kira Cochrane (July 31, 2011), Cindy Sherman models for MAC, the makeup company of outsiders The Guardian; accessed January 2, 2015.
  42. ↑ "Completely Punk Rock: Cindy Sherman's (Nearly) Forgotten History with Babes in Toyland". Walker Art Center. 2013-02-07. Retrieved 2013-02-20.
  43. 1 2 Richard B. Woodward (March 7, 2012), The Roles of a Lifetime Wall Street Journal.
  44. ↑ Holden, Stephen. "Office Killer: Cindy Sherman Turns to Movies". The New York Times. The New York Times. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  45. ↑ Andy Grundberg (July 5, 1987), The 80s Seen Through A Postmodern Lens New York Times.
  46. ↑ The Pictures Generation, 1974–1984; April 21 – August 2, 2009 Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  47. ↑ Carol Vogel (February 17, 2011), Cindy Sherman’s Guises All in a Single Place New York Times; accessed February 24, 2015.
  48. ↑ Carol Vogel (March 14, 2013), News On The Rialto New York Times; accessed February 24, 2015.
  49. ↑ "The MMoCA Collects Site Has Moved". MMoCA. Retrieved 2014-07-30.
  50. ↑ Byrne, Betsy. "Studio: Cindy Sherman". Tate Magazine. Tate Publishing. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  51. ↑ Past Artists-in-Residence Light Work, Syracuse, New York.
  52. ↑ Cindy Sherman to Receive the Jewish Museum's Man Ray Award BLOUINARTINFO, November 12, 2009.
  53. ↑ Honorary Doctors Royal College of Art, London, UK.
  54. ↑ Julie Miller (October 7, 2012), Steve Martin and Rachel Maddow Toast World-Renowned Artists at the Hammer Museum; Katy Perry Toasts Nail Art Vanity Fair.
  55. ↑ Gordon Cox (January 31, 2012), Tribeca lines up art prizes: Sherman, Walker donate works, Los Angeles Times; accessed January 2, 2015.
  56. ↑ Cindy Sherman, Untitled #13 (1978) Christie's First Open Post-War and Contemporary Art, New York, September 9, 2008.
  57. ↑ Cindy Sherman, Untitled #21 (1978) Museum of Modern Art, New York.
  58. ↑ Cindy Sherman: Untitled #48 (1979) Tate, London.
  59. 1 2 3 Sarah P. Hanson (February 21, 2012), Artist Dossier: Cindy Sherman BLOUINARTINFO.
  60. ↑ ""Untitled (#153)" (1985)". art21.org.
  61. ↑ Katya Kazakina (February 23, 2012), Cindy Sherman Market Hits $13.7 Million Thanks to Sender, MoMA, Bloomberg; accessed February 24, 2015.
  62. ↑ Lindsay Pollock (November 9, 2010), Warhol's $63 Million Portrait of Elizabeth Taylor Stuns Dealers at Auction Bloomberg.
  63. ↑ Judd Tully (May 25, 2011), [1] blouinartinfo.com; accessed February 24, 2015.
  64. ↑ Sarah Thornton (February 25, 2012), Cindy Sherman at MoMA: Mistress of self-effacement The Economist.
  65. ↑ Hoban, Phoebe. "The Cindy Sherman Effect". ARTnews. ARTnews. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  66. ↑ "James Franco: New Film Stills". Pace Gallery. Pace Prints. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  67. ↑ Smith, Roberta. "Everybody is Playing Somebody Else Here: 'James Franco: New Film Stills' Arrives at the Pace Gallery". The New York Times (The New York Times). Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  68. ↑ Sutton, Benjamin. "Why James Franco's Cindy Sherman Homage at Pace is Not Just Bad But Offensive". Artnet News. Artnet News.
  69. ↑ Patti Greco (January 20, 2014), Gaby Hoffmann on Girls, Dance Parties With Claire Danes, and Waxing for Veronica Mars New York Magazine.
  70. ↑ "Biography for Cindy Sherman". Retrieved 2010-05-01.
  71. ↑ Simon Hattenstone (2011-01-15). "Cindy Sherman interview". London, UK: Guardian. Retrieved 2011-11-02.
  72. 1 2 William Neuman (September 11, 2005), A SoHo Loft for Moe the Bartender New York Times.
  73. ↑ Smith, Stephen Jacob (June 28, 2013). "Bye, Everybody! Hank Azaria Sells $8 M. SoHo Pad". New York Observer. Archived from the original on July 5, 2013. Retrieved July 5, 2013.
  74. ↑ Linda Yablonsky (February 23, 2012), Cindy Sherman Wall Street Journal.
  75. 1 2 Bob Colacello (January 2000), Studios by the Sea Vanity Fair.
  76. ↑ Juliet Chung and Candace Jackson (November 11, 2011), Cindy Sherman Lists Her Hamptons Vacation Home Wall Street Journal.
  77. ↑ Mayer Rus (December 2013), Cindy Sherman's Eclectic Hamptons Farmhouse Architectural Digest.
  78. ↑ Azuero on the Harbor, presented by Azuero Earth Project The Moore Charitable Foundation.
  79. ↑ Jonah Wolf (September 4, 2012), Guests of Cindy Sherman: The Azuero Earth Project Benefit at the Artist’s East Hampton Spread New York Observer; accessed January 2, 2015.
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  81. ↑ Jury - 2009 Edition Estoril Film Festival; accessed January 2, 2015.
  82. ↑ Profile, ArtistsAgainstFracking.com; accessed January 2, 2015.
  83. ↑ "#CindyGate and the Lasting Stain of Cindy Sherman's Blackface Photos | The Creators Project". The Creators Project. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
  84. ↑ Jefferson, Margo. "Playing on Black and White: Racial Messages Through a Camera Lens". New York Times. Retrieved 2015-02-17.
  85. ↑ Respini, Eva (2012). Cindy Sherman. The Museum of Modern Art, New York. p. 25. ISBN 9780870708121.
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