Civil aviation

Scheduled airline traffic in 2009

Civil aviation is one of two major categories of flying, representing all non-military aviation, both private and commercial. Most of the countries in the world are members of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and work together to establish common standards and recommended practices for civil aviation through that agency.

Civil aviation includes two major categories:

Scheduled air transport, including all passenger and cargo flights operating on regularly scheduled routes; and
General aviation (GA), including all other civil flights, private or commercial

Although scheduled air transport is the larger operation in terms of passenger numbers, GA is larger in the number of flights (and flight hours, in the U.S.^[1]) In the U.S., GA carries 166 million passengers each year,^[2] more than any individual airline, though less than all the airlines combined. Since 2004, the US Airlines combined have carried over 600 million passengers each year, and in 2014, they carried a combined 662,819,232 passengers.^[3]

Some countries also make a regulatory distinction based on whether aircraft are flown for hire like:

Commercial aviation includes most or all flying done for hire, particularly scheduled service on airlines; and
Private aviation includes pilots flying for their own purposes (recreation, business meetings, etc.) without receiving any kind of remuneration.

A British Airways Boeing 747-400 departs London Heathrow Airport. This is an example of a commercial aviation service.

All scheduled air transport is commercial, but general aviation can be either commercial or private. Normally, the pilot, aircraft, and operator must all be authorized to perform commercial operations through separate commercial licensing, registration, and operation certificates.

History

Postwar aviation

Main article: Postwar aviation

After World War II, commercial aviation grew rapidly, using mostly ex-military aircraft to transport people and cargo. This growth was accelerated by the glut of heavy and super-heavy bomber airframes like the B-29 and Lancaster that could be converted into commercial aircraft. The DC-3 also made for easier and longer commercial flights. The first commercial jet airliner to fly was the British de Havilland Comet. By 1952, the British state airline BOAC had introduced the Comet into scheduled service. While a technical achievement, the plane suffered a series of highly public failures, as the shape of the windows led to cracks due to metal fatigue. The fatigue was caused by cycles of pressurization and depressurization of the cabin, and eventually led to catastrophic failure of the plane's fuselage. By the time the problems were overcome, other jet airliner designs had already taken to the skies.

Civil aviation authorities

The Convention on International Civil Aviation (the "Chicago Convention") was originally established in 1944; it states that signatories should collectively work to harmonize and standardize the use of airspace for safety, efficiency and regularity of air transport.^[4] Each signatory country, of which there are at least 188, has a civil aviation authority (such as the FAA in the United States) to oversee the following areas of civil aviation:

Personnel licensing — regulating the basic training and issuance of licenses and certificates.
Flight operations — carrying out safety oversight of commercial operators.
Airworthiness — issuing certificates of registration and certificates of airworthiness to civil aircraft, and overseeing the safety of aircraft maintenance organizations.
Aerodromes — designing and constructing aerodrome facilities.
Air traffic services — managing the traffic inside of a country's airspace.

References

↑ http://www.ntsb.gov/aviation/Table1.htm
↑ http://www.gaservingamerica.com/Advantages_of_GA.htm
↑ United States Depart of Transportation. "Bureau of Transportation Statistics". Retrieved 24 July 2015
↑ http://www.icao.int/icaonet/dcs/7300.html

External links

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) — the U.N. agency responsible for civil aviation
Colombian Civil Aviation Authority; the Colombian agency responsible for civil aviation

Commercial air travel

Airlines	Airline codes Airline holding companies Charter airlines Low-cost airlines Passenger airlines Regional airlines

Alliances	Oneworld SkyTeam Star Alliance

Trade groups	A4A ACO AACO AAPA AEA AFRAA ATAG ATPCO ELFAA ERA IATA IATAN ISTAT RAA RAAA

Aircrew	Captain First Officer Second Officer Third Officer Flight attendant Flight engineer Loadmaster Pilot Purser Deadheading

Airliner	Travel class First class (aviation) First class travel Business Premium economy Economy Aircraft cabin Aircraft lavatory Aircraft seat map Airline meal Airline seat Buy on board In-flight entertainment Inflight smoking Galley Sickness bag

Airport	Aerodrome Airline hub Airport check-in Airport lounge Airport rail link Airport terminal Airstair Boarding Domestic airport Gate International airport Jet bridge Low cost carrier terminal Runway Transit hotel

Customs / Immigration	Arrival card (Landing card) Border control Departure card Passport Timatic Travel document Visa

Environmental impact	Hypermobility Impact on environment

Law	Air transport agreement (Bermuda Agreement (UK-US, 1946-78) · Bermuda II Agreement (UK-US, 1978-2008) · China-US · Cross-Strait charter (China-Taiwan)) Beijing Convention Cape Town Treaty Chicago Convention Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives Flight permit Freedoms of the air Hague Hijacking Convention Hague Protocol ICAO Montreal Convention Open skies (EU–US Open Skies Agreement) Paris Convention of 1919 Rome Convention Sabotage Convention Tokyo Convention Warsaw Convention

Luggage	Bag tag Baggage allowance Baggage carousel Baggage cart Baggage claim Baggage handler Baggage handling system Checked baggage Hand luggage Lost luggage Luggage lock

Safety	Air Navigation and Transport Act Air traffic control (ATC) Aircraft safety card Airport authority Airport crash tender Airport police Airport security Brace position Evacuation slide Flight recorder National aviation authority Overwing exits Pre-flight safety demonstration Sky marshal Unruly aircraft passenger

Ticketing	Airline booking ploys Airline reservations system Airline ticket Airline timetable Bereavement flight Boarding pass Codeshare agreement Continent pass Electronic ticket Fare basis code Flight cancellation and delay Frequent-flyer program Government contract flight One-way travel Open-jaw ticket Passenger name record Red-eye flight Round-the-world ticket Standby Tracking Travel agency Travel website

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