Civitas Schinesghe

Civitas Schinesghe
Ziemia Polska (pl) Polonia (la)
←   ← ca. 800–1025 →
Poland during 960-996.
Capital		Gniezno
Languages		Old Polish
Religion		Slavic paganism, Roman Catholicism (institutional since 966)
Government		Monarchy
Monarch
•	ca. 800	Piast Kołodziej first
•	960	Mieszko I
•	1025	Bolesław I Chrobry last
History
•	Established	ca. 800
•	Coronation of Bolesław I the Brave	1025

Expansion of Poland 960-992

Civitas Schinesghe^[1] is the first officially written down name related to Poland (it's a mistakenly - "ks" reversed to "sk" and written as "sch" - Latin transcription of "hrady knezske" or "grody książęce" which means "(wooden) castles of the Duke") originating from 991–992. The original deed is missing, but mentioned in an 11th-century papal regesta called Dagome iudex, according to which the Piast duke Mieszko I of Poland had given the guidance of unam civitatem in integro, que vocatur Schinesghe ("a whole state, which is called Schinesghe") over to the Holy See.

Though a state of Poland is not explicitly mentioned, the name Schinesghe most likely refers to Gniezno, one of the main settlements of the West Slavic Polans. Their duke Mieszko had himself baptised upon the marriage with Princess Dobrawa of Bohemia in 965. In 1000 at the Congress of Gniezno the first Polish archdiocese was established and Mieszko's son Duke Bolesław I Chrobry was acknowledged as frater et cooperator of the Holy Roman Empire by Emperor Otto III.

The borders of Mieszko I's state

The analysis of the document can help reconstruct the borders of the Polish realm^[2]

• sicuti incipit a primo latere longum mare, "as it starts from the first side of a long sea" (presumably the Pomeranian coast - on the Baltic Sea)
• fine Bruzze 'end Bruzze' - "along the Prussian borders" (settlement area of the Old Prussians)
• usque in locum, qui dicitur Russe - "up to a place called Rus'" (east of Masovia)
• et fines Russe extendente usque in Craccoa - "Russia ends and extending into Cracow"
• et ab ipsa Craccoa usque ad flumen Odde recte - "and from there right along the Oder river"
• in locum, qui dicitur Alemure, "in a place called The Alemure" (sometimes identified as Olomouc in Moravia though Olomouc is upriver on the Oder, not down)
• et ab ipsa Alemura usque in terram Milze recte intra Oddere - "to the Milceni lands" (part of the Imperial Margraviate of Meissen)
• et exinde ducente iuxta flumen Oddera usque in predictam civitate Schinesghe. - "and from its borders along the Oder to aforementioned Schinesghe."

The last statement suggests that Schinesghe is on the Oder and on the Baltic coast and becomes clear only after reversig "sch" to "chs" giving clearly understandable Chsinesghe which is "książęce" in modern Polish, so "civitate Schinesghe" reads as "the cities of the Duke".

Notes

1. According to Brygida Kürbis initial "Sc" is mistakenly recorded from "K". The original record would read so "Kninesne" or "Khinesghe" Dowiat, Jerzy (1961). Metryka chrztu Mieszka I i jej geneza. Warszawa. p. 91.
2. Kürbis, B. Dagome iudex. Studium krytyczne. pp. 362–423.

References

• Kürbis, Brygida (1962). Dagome iudex. Studium krytyczne [in:] Początki państwa polskiego – Księga Tysiąclecia vol. 2. Poznań.
• Piskorski, Jan Maria (August 2004). Civitas Schinesghe. Mieszko I i początki państwa polskiego. Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk. ISBN 83-7063-416-8.