Clara Maass
Clara Louise Maass (June 28, 1876 – August 24, 1901) was an American nurse who died as a result of volunteering for medical experiments to study yellow fever.[1][2]
Early life
Clara Maass was born in East Orange, New Jersey, to German immigrants Hedwig and Robert Maass. She was the oldest of 10 children in a devout Lutheran family.[3]
In 1895, she became one of the first graduates of Newark German Hospital's Christina Trefz Training School for Nurses. By 1898, she had been promoted to head nurse at Newark German Hospital, where she was known for her hard work and dedication to her profession.[3]
Army service
In April 1898, during the Spanish–American War, Maass volunteered as a contract nurse for the United States Army (the Army Nurse Corps did not yet exist). She served with the Seventh U. S. Army Corps from October 1, 1898, to February 5, 1899, in Jacksonville, Florida, Savannah, Georgia, and Santiago, Cuba. She was discharged in 1899, but volunteered again to serve with the Eighth U.S. Army Corps in the Philippines from November 1899 to mid-1900.[4]
During her service with the military, she saw few battle injuries. Instead, most of her nursing duties came in providing medical aid to soldiers suffering from infectious diseases like typhoid, malaria, dengue and yellow fever. She contracted dengue in Manila, and was sent home.[4]
Yellow fever studies
Shortly after finishing her second assignment with the army, Maass returned to Cuba in October 1900 after being summoned by William Gorgas, who was working with the U.S. Army's Yellow Fever Commission. The commission, headed by Major Walter Reed, was established during the post-war occupation of Cuba in order to investigate yellow fever, which was endemic in Cuba. One of the commission's goals was to determine how the disease was spread: by mosquito bites or by contact with contaminated objects.[4]
The commission recruited human subjects because they did not know of any animals that could contract yellow fever. In the first recorded instance of informed consent in human experiments, volunteers were told that participation in the studies might cause their deaths. As an incentive, volunteers were paid US$100 (approximately $3,000 today), with an additional $100 if the volunteer became ill.[4]
In March 1901, Maass volunteered to be bitten by a Culex fasciata mosquito (now called Aedes aegypti) that had been allowed to feed on yellow fever patients. She contracted a mild case of the disease from which she quickly recovered. By this time, the researchers were certain that mosquitoes were the route of transmission, but lacked the scientific evidence to prove it because some volunteers who were bitten remained healthy. Maass continued to volunteer for experiments.[3]
Death
On August 14, 1901, Maass allowed herself to be bitten by infected mosquitoes for the second time. Researchers were hoping to show that her earlier case of yellow fever was sufficient to immunize her against the disease. Unfortunately, this was not the case. Maass once again became ill with yellow fever on August 18, and died on August 24. Her death roused public sentiment and put an end to yellow fever experiments on human beings.[3]
Maass was buried in Colon Cemetery in Havana with military honors. Her body was moved to Fairmount Cemetery, Newark, New Jersey, on February 20, 1902.[5]
Legacy
- In 1951, the 50th anniversary of her death, Cuba issued a postage stamp in her honour.
- On June 19, 1952, Newark German Hospital (which had since moved to Belleville, New Jersey) was renamed Clara Maass Memorial Hospital, and it is now known as Clara Maass Medical Center.
- In 1976, the 100th anniversary of her birth, Maass was honoured with a 13¢ United States commemorative stamp.
- Also in 1976, the American Nurses Association inducted her into its Nursing Hall of Fame.
- The Calendar of Saints of the Lutheran Church honours Maass and British nurse Florence Nightingale on August 13 as a "Renewer of Society."
See also
References
- ↑ "Yellow Fever Experiments Have Deadly Results. Clara Maass, the Girl Martyr, Buried In Colon Cemetery. She Was the Third to Die Out of Eight Bitten -Hers Was a Pathetic Case, a Trained Nurse, Who Had Served on the Battlefields of Santiago and About Manila, Often Exposed to Fever Infection. Girl Martyr. Clara Maass, Trained Nurse, the Third to Die in the Yellow Fever Experiments in Havana, Order to Turn Over Testimony. Cuban Newspaper Man Killed.". Boston Globe. August 27, 1901.
Of the eight persons bitten by infected mosquitoes in connection with yellow fever board during the last three weeks three have died.
- ↑ Stanton E. Cope. 2011. Clara Maass: An American Heroine. Wing Beats 22(2): 16-19.
- 1 2 3 4 Russell Roberts (1995). Discover Hidden New Jersey. Rutgers University Press. pp. 49–54. ISBN 0-8135-2252-8.
- 1 2 3 4 Lynn Wenzel & Carol J. Binkowski (2003). More Than Petticoats: Remarkable New Jersey Women. TwoDot. pp. 84–95. ISBN 0-7627-1272-4.
- ↑ Clara Louise Maass, Find A Grave. Accessed August 23, 2007.
External links
- American Nurses Association Hall of Fame retrieved 2010-04-26
- Clara Maass entry at Find A Grave with photos of her headstone, both before and after vandalism.