Apertura and Clausura
The Apertura [aperˈtuɾa] and Clausura [klawˈsuɾa] tournaments are a relatively recent innovation for many Latin American football leagues in which the traditional association football season from August to May is divided in two sections per season, each with its own champion. Apertura and Clausura are the Spanish words for "opening" and "closing". In French-speaking Haiti, these are known as the Ouverture and the Fermeture, while in English-speaking Belize, they are respectively the "Opening" and "Closing" seasons. The North American Soccer League (NASL), the second-level league in both the United States and Canada, adopted a split season in 2013; the season is divided into a "Spring Championship" and "Fall Championship".
Latin America
The Apertura is held in the first half of the calendar year in Colombia, Haiti and Paraguay while it is held in the second half of the calendar year in Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua and Venezuela.
The words Apertura and Clausura are used in most Latin American countries. Some, however, use different terminology:
- Argentina: Starting in 2012–13, Inicial and Final (Spanish for "initial" and "final")
- Colombia: Apertura and Finalización
- Costa Rica: Invierno and Verano (Spanish for "winter" and "summer")
In most leagues, each tournament constitutes a national championship in itself. On the other hand, in the leagues of Nicaragua, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela, the winners of the Apertura and Clausura play each other in a playoff for the season title, or there is a final stage where teams qualify based on placements in the Apertura and Clausura. Thus, two championship titles are awarded per year in the first group of leagues, and only one in the second. In Mexico and Colombia, for instance, the winners of each tournament play each other at the beginning of the following season for another title, but this is a rather minor season curtain-raiser, akin to national Super Cups in European leagues. Some Apertura and Clausura tournaments also have second stages to decide the winner.
In leagues with 12 or fewer teams, each Apertura and Clausura has a double round-robin format, as a means to fill in the gaps caused by the lack of elimination cup competitions as in most European countries. In leagues with 16 or more teams, each tournament has a single round-robin format.
Relegations, if any, are done on an aggregate basis; usually the combined table for both tournaments determine relegation placements. In some leagues, the average points over the previous two or three seasons are used to determine relegation.
Peru abolished its Apertura and Clausura format after the 2008 season but brought it back for the 2014 season. Ecuador adopted the Apertura and Clausura in 2005 featuring two champions in the season, however, its subsequent tournaments renamed the Apertura and Clausura as first and second stages, respectively, with the top placed teams advancing to a third stage to determine the champion and international qualification. Starting in 2009, the Ecuadorian championships were decided by a final between stage or group winners, mainting the half-year tournament format. Argentine Football Association president Julio Grondona proposed in December 2008 the return to a single championship per season format,[1] and at the conclusion of the 2014 Primera season this happened, with the 2015 season taking a European style year long season from February to December.
Belize
The Premier League of Belize, created in 2012 by the merger of two rival top-level leagues, began a split season in 2012–13. The Opening Season takes place in the second half of the calendar year, with the Closing Season following in the first half of the next calendar year. Like most Latin American leagues, it crowns two separate champions in each season. However, its format is significantly different from that of most other leagues, being more similar to the system used by Major League Soccer in the United States and Canada.
In the first split season (2012–13), the league's 12 teams were divided into two six-team zones. During the first half of the season, every team played a double round-robin within its zone, plus single games against four teams from the opposite zone, resulting in a 14-game schedule. The top two teams from each zone qualified for a playoff round, with the top team from each zone matched against the second-place team from the other zone in the two-legged semifinals. The semifinal winners advanced to a two-legged final. In the second half of the season, only eight of the initial 12 teams competed; all teams played a double round-robin in that half of the season, followed by a four-team knockout playoff (again two-legged throughout).
The number of teams participating in the top flight dropped to seven for the 2013–14 season. Each half of that season will have the same format as the 2013 Closing Season.
Brazil
The Brazilian national league is a notable tournament in Latin America not to split the season into two parts, using a single-season double round-robin format to decide the champions, similar to those in European leagues, though played between May and December. Brazilian clubs also participate in the state leagues from January to April. Brazil also has, unlike most Latin American nations, a national cup.
Japan and South Korea
For most of its history (except in 1996, 2002, and 2003) the J. League in Japan had a similar system for its first division, although it was called 1st Stage and 2nd Stage. The seasons became unified in 2005, partially to avoid conflicts with the Emperor's Cup, but will resume the same format from 2015 season. The K-League of South Korea also had the same system in 1984, 1986, 1995, 2004, 2005, and 2006. In 2007, it again became unified because of confusion among fans.
North American Soccer League
The NASL adopted a split-season format in 2013, divided into Spring and Fall Championships. Following the traditional standard for the US and Canada, the season is entirely contained within a calendar year. It follows a format more similar to that of Nicaragua, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela—each part of the season is conducted in a double round-robin format, with the winner of each part of the season advancing to a championship final known as the Soccer Bowl.
Apertura and Clausura by country
| Country | League | Champions | Calendar | Seasons |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Argentina |
Primera División | Both (Since 1991-92) | European (August – June) | 1990–91 – 2014 |
 Belize |
Premier League | Both (Since 2012–13) | European (August – May) | 2012–13 – present |
 Bolivia |
Liga de Fútbol Profesional | Both (Since 2003) | European (August – May) | 1991 – present |
 Chile |
Primera División | Both | European (July – June) American (January - December) |
2013–14 – present 2002 – 2009, 2011 – 2012[2] |
 Colombia |
Primera A | Both | American (February – December) | 2002 – present |
 Costa Rica |
Primera División | Both | European | 2007–08 – present |
 Ecuador |
Serie A | Both | American | 2005 |
 El Salvador |
Primera División | Both | European (August – June) | 1998–99 – present |
 Guatemala |
Liga Nacional de Fútbol | Both | European | 1999–00 – present |
 Haiti |
Ligue Haïtienne | Both (Since 2002, except in 2005–06) | American (April – November) | 2002, 2003, 2004–05, 2007 – present[3] |
 Honduras |
Liga Nacional de Fútbol | Both (Since 1997–98) | European (August – May) | 1997–98 – present |
 Japan |
J. League | One | American (March – November) | 1993–1995, 1997–2005, 2015 – present |
 Mexico |
Liga MX | Both | European (July – May) | 1996–97 – present |
 Nicaragua |
Primera División | One | European | |
 Panama |
Liga de Fútbol | Both (Since 2007) | European (July – May) | 2001 – present |
 Paraguay |
Primera División | Both (Since 2007) | American (February – December) | 1996 – present |
 Peru |
Primera División | One | American (February – November) | 1997–2008, 2014 – present |
 Uruguay |
Primera División | One | European (August – June) | 1994 – present |
 United States Canada |
North American Soccer League | One | American (April – November) | 2013 – present |
 Venezuela |
Primera División | One | European (August – May) | 1996–97 – present |
Other sports
The Southern League and Texas League of Class Double-A Minor League Baseball in the United States both use a similar system, dividing the March–October regular season in half, with records being cleared mid-season and the top teams midseason and at the end of the season clinching spots in the playoff for the league pennant (the remainder of playoff slots being filled by wild cards). This system is used in some Single-A leagues, as well. The Mexican Pacific League also divides the season into the Primera and Segunda Vuelta and uses a team's win record in each stage to determine which advance to the playoffs.
While Little League Baseball does not mandate any specific scheduling format to be used by local leagues, it recommends dividing the regular season in half and having the first-half winner play against the second-half winner at the end of the season for the championship.[4]
The Philippine Basketball Association also conducts a split season similar in many ways to the Apertura and Clausura.
References
- ↑ "Grondona reconoció que quiere volver a los "torneos largos" - Ambito.com". Ambitoweb.com. 2007-11-21. Archived from the original on 25 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
- ↑ In 2010, only one championship was held due to the devastating earthquake that struck Chile that year. The country changed from the American to the European calendar beginning in 2013–14. To manage this change, the 2013 season consisted of only one championship, which the league called Transición ("Transition").
- ↑ Haiti adopted the two-stage season in 2002. In 2004, it changed its season to align with the European football calendar, conducting the Ouverture in 2004 and the Fermeture in 2005. The 2005–06 season saw only one championship contested. In 2007, the league returned to the American calendar and a two-stage season.
- ↑ http://www.littleleague.org/leagueofficers/Tips_Successful_League/2013-2014/Spring-SchedulingGamesPractices.htm