Clenshaw algorithm

In numerical analysis, the Clenshaw algorithm,[1] also called Clenshaw summation,[2] is a recursive method to evaluate a linear combination of Chebyshev polynomials. It is a generalization of Horner's method for evaluating a linear combination of monomials.

It generalizes to more than just Chebyshev polynomials; it applies to any class of functions that can be defined by a three-term recurrence relation.[3]

Clenshaw algorithm

In full generality, the Clenshaw algorithm computes the weighted sum of a finite series of functions \phi_k(x):

S(x) = \sum_{k=0}^n a_k \phi_k(x)

where \phi_k,\; k=0, 1, \ldots is a sequence of functions that satisfy the linear recurrence relation

\phi_{k+1}(x) = \alpha_k(x)\,\phi_k(x) + \beta_k(x)\,\phi_{k-1}(x),

where the coefficients \alpha_k(x) and \beta_k(x) are known in advance.

The algorithm is most useful when \phi_k(x) are functions that are complicated to compute directly, but \alpha_k(x) and \beta_k(x) are particularly simple. In the most common applications, \alpha(x) does not depend on k, and \beta is a constant that depends on neither x nor k.

To perform the summation for given series of coefficients a_0, \ldots, a_n, compute the values b_k(x) by the "reverse" recurrence formula:


  \begin{align}
  b_{n+1}(x) &= b_{n+2}(x) = 0, \\
  b_k(x) &= a_k + \alpha_k(x)\,b_{k+1}(x) + \beta_{k+1}(x)\,b_{k+2}(x).
  \end{align}

Note that this computation makes no direct reference to the functions \phi_k(x). After computing b_2(x) and b_1(x), the desired sum can be expressed in terms of them and the simplest functions \phi_0(x) and \phi_1(x):

S(x) = \phi_0(x)\,a_0 + \phi_1(x)\,b_1(x) + \beta_1(x)\,\phi_0(x)\,b_2(x).

See Fox and Parker[4] for more information and stability analyses.

Examples

Horner as a special case of Clenshaw

A particularly simple case occurs when evaluating a polynomial of the form

S(x) = \sum_{k=0}^n a_k x^k.

The functions are simply


  \begin{align}
  \phi_0(x) &= 1, \\
  \phi_k(x) &= x^k = x\phi_{k-1}(x)
  \end{align}

and are produced by the recurrence coefficients \alpha(x) = x and \beta = 0.

In this case, the recurrence formula to compute the sum is

b_k(x) = a_k + x b_{k+1}(x)

and, in this case, the sum is simply

S(x) = a_0 + x b_1(x) = b_0(x),

which is exactly the usual Horner's method.

Special case for Chebyshev series

Consider a truncated Chebyshev series

p_n(x) = a_0 + a_1T_1(x) + a_2T_2(x) + \cdots + a_nT_n(x).

The coefficients in the recursion relation for the Chebyshev polynomials are

\alpha(x) = 2x, \quad \beta = -1,

with the initial conditions

T_0(x) = 1, \quad T_1(x) = x.

Thus, the recurrence is

b_k(x) = a_k + 2xb_{k+1}(x) - b_{k+2}(x)

and the final sum is

p_n(x) = a_0 + xb_1(x) - b_2(x).

One way to evaluate this is to continue the recurrence one more step, and compute

b_0(x) = 2a_0 + 2xb_1(x) - b_2(x),

(note the doubled a0 coefficient) followed by

p_n(x) = \frac{1}{2}\left[b_0(x) - b_2(x)\right].

Meridian arc length on the ellipsoid

Clenshaw summation is extensively used in geodetic applications.[2] A simple application is summing the trigonometric series to compute the meridian arc distance on the surface of an ellipsoid. These have the form

m(\theta) = C_0\,\theta + C_1\sin \theta + C_2\sin 2\theta + \cdots + C_n\sin n\theta.

Leaving off the initial C_0\,\theta term, the remainder is a summation of the appropriate form. There is no leading term because \phi_0(\theta) = \sin 0\theta = \sin 0 = 0.

The recurrence relation for \sin k\theta is

\sin (k+1)\theta = 2 \cos\theta \sin k\theta - \sin (k-1)\theta,

making the coefficients in the recursion relation

\alpha_k(\theta) = 2\cos\theta, \quad \beta_k = -1.

and the evaluation of the series is given by


  \begin{align}
  b_{n+1}(\theta) &= b_{n+2}(\theta) = 0, \\
  b_k(\theta) &= C_k + 2\cos \theta \,b_{k+1}(\theta) - b_{k+2}(\theta),\quad\mathrm{for\ } n\ge k \ge 1.
  \end{align}

The final step is made particularly simple because \phi_0(\theta) = \sin 0 = 0, so the end of the recurrence is simply b_1(\theta)\sin(\theta); the C_0\,\theta term is added separately:

m(\theta) = C_0\,\theta + b_1(\theta)\sin \theta.

Note that the algorithm requires only the evaluation of two trigonometric quantities \cos \theta and \sin \theta.

Difference in meridian arc lengths

Sometimes it necessary to compute the difference of two meridian arcs in a way that maintains high relative accuracy. This is accomplished by using trigonometric identities to write


  m(\theta_1)-m(\theta_2) = \sum_{k=1}^n 2 C_k
  \sin\bigl({\textstyle\frac12}k(\theta_1-\theta_2)\bigr)
  \cos\bigl({\textstyle\frac12}k(\theta_1+\theta_2)\bigr).

Clenshaw summation can be applied in this case[5] provided we simultaneously compute m(\theta_1)+m(\theta_2) and perform a matrix summation,


  \mathsf M(\theta_1,\theta_2) = \begin{bmatrix}
  (m(\theta_1) + m(\theta_2)) / 2\\
  (m(\theta_1) - m(\theta_2)) / (\theta_1 - \theta_2)
  \end{bmatrix} =
  C_0 \begin{bmatrix}\mu\\1\end{bmatrix} +
  \sum_{k=1}^n C_k \mathsf F_k(\theta_1,\theta_2),

where


  \begin{align}
  \delta &= {\textstyle\frac12}(\theta_1-\theta_2), \\
  \mu &= {\textstyle\frac12}(\theta_1+\theta_2), \\
  \mathsf F_k(\theta_1,\theta_2) &=
    \begin{bmatrix}
       \cos k \delta \sin k \mu\\
    \displaystyle\frac{\sin k \delta}\delta \cos k \mu
    \end{bmatrix}.
  \end{align}

The first element of \mathsf M(\theta_1,\theta_2) is the average value of m and the second element is the average slope. \mathsf F_k(\theta_1,\theta_2) satisfies the recurrence relation


  \mathsf F_{k+1}(\theta_1,\theta_2) =
  \mathsf A(\theta_1,\theta_2) \mathsf F_k(\theta_1,\theta_2) -
  \mathsf F_{k-1}(\theta_1,\theta_2),

where


   \mathsf A(\theta_1,\theta_2) = 2\begin{bmatrix}
      \cos \delta \cos \mu & -\delta\sin \delta \sin \mu \\
      - \displaystyle\frac{\sin \delta}\delta \sin \mu &   \cos \delta \cos \mu
  \end{bmatrix}

takes the place of \alpha in the recurrence relation, and \beta=-1. The standard Clenshaw algorithm can now be applied to yield


  \begin{align}
  \mathsf B_{n+1} &= \mathsf B_{n+2} = \mathsf 0, \\
  \mathsf B_k &= C_k \mathsf I + \mathsf A \mathsf B_{k+1} -
  \mathsf B_{k+2}, \qquad\mathrm{for\ } n\ge k \ge 1,\\
  \mathsf M(\theta_1,\theta_2) &=
    C_0 \begin{bmatrix}\mu\\1\end{bmatrix} +
    \mathsf B_1 \mathsf F_1(\theta_1,\theta_2),
  \end{align}

where \mathsf B_k are 2×2 matrices. Finally we have


  \frac{m(\theta_1) - m(\theta_2)}{\theta_1 - \theta_2} =
  \mathsf M_2(\theta_1, \theta_2).

This technique can be used in the limit \theta_2 = \theta_1 = \mu and \delta = 0\, to simultaneously compute m(\mu) and the derivative dm(\mu)/d\mu, provided that, in evaluating \mathsf F_1 and \mathsf A, we take \lim_{\delta\rightarrow0}(\sin \delta)/\delta = 1.

See also

References

  1. Clenshaw, C. W. (July 1955). "A note on the summation of Chebyshev series". Mathematical Tables and other Aids to Computation 9 (51): 118–110. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-1955-0071856-0. ISSN 0025-5718. Note that this paper is written in terms of the Shifted Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind T^*_n(x) = T_n(2x-1).
  2. 1 2 Tscherning, C. C.; Poder, K. (1982), "Some Geodetic applications of Clenshaw Summation" (PDF), Bolletino di Geodesia e Scienze Affini 41 (4): 349–375
  3. Press, WH; Teukolsky, SA; Vetterling, WT; Flannery, BP (2007), "Section 5.4.2. Clenshaw's Recurrence Formula", Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing (3rd ed.), New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-88068-8
  4. Fox, Leslie; Parker, Ian B. (1968), Chebyshev Polynomials in Numerical Analysis, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-859614-6
  5. Karney, C. F. F. (2014), Clenshaw evaluation of differenced sums
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