Cleopatra Selene I
| Cleopatra Selene I | |
|---|---|
| Queen of Egypt, Queen of Syria | |
 | |
| Born | c. 135 – 130 BC |
| Died | 69 BC |
| Spouse |
Ptolemy IX Lathyros (Brother) Ptolemy X Alexander I (Brother) Antiochus VIII Grypus (Cousin) Antiochus IX Cyzicenus (Cousin/Brother-in-law) Antiochus X Eusebes (Nephew-in-law/Step-son) |
| Issue |
With Ptolemy IX Lathyros : Berenice III With Ptolemy X Alexander I Ptolemy XI Alexander II With Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Seleucus Cybiosactes |
| Dynasty | Ptolemaic |
| Father | Ptolemy VIII Physcon |
| Mother | Cleopatra III of Egypt |
Cleopatra Selene I (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Σελήνη; c. 135/130 – 69 BC) was the daughter of Ptolemy VIII Physcon by his niece Cleopatra III of Egypt. She was the wife of three different kings; including queen consort to Ptolemy IX Lathyros of Egypt, and later queen of Syria.
Originally she was named Selene, only adding the Ptolemaic throne name Cleopatra after her marriage with Lathyros.[1] whom she married after his wife, her sister Cleopatra IV, was forced out by her mother. (115 BC).[2] Selene was not, however, made co-ruler, unlike many of the sister-wives of Ptolemaic kings.
She bore Lathyros at least one daughter, Berenice III and two sons,[3] including Ptolemy XII and possibly another son, also named Ptolemy.
In 107 BC, as relations deteriorated between Lathyros and his mother and co-ruler, Cleopatra III, he was forced to leave Egypt and his wife, first to Cyprus to raise an army, and then to south Syria from whence he tried, in 103 BC, to invade Egypt.
In the meantime, Cleopatra III established an alliance with one of the warring Syrian kings, Antiochus VIII Grypus, giving him Cleopatra Selene I as his wife.[4] (His previous wife, (Cleopatra?) Tryphaena, Cleopatra Selene's I older sister, had been killed in 111 BC by his stepbrother Antiochus IX Cyzicenus).
In Syria, the civil war between Grypus and Cyzicenus over the throne in Antioch lasted until 96 BC, when Grypus was assassinated in Antioch. Cyzicenus, after capturing the capital, married Cleopatra Selene I. (Cyzicenus had been married to Cleopatra Selene's I older sister, Cleopatra IV, who had been killed by Grypus in 112 BC.)
Cyzicenus, however, was not to live much longer. Grypus had five sons with Cleopatra Tryphaena; all of them competing for the throne of Antioch. In 95 BC, Cyzicenus was killed during a battle with Seleucus VI Epiphanes, the eldest son of Grypus.
After Cyzicenus' death, his son with Cleopatra IV, Antiochus X Eusebes, married his stepmother, Cleopatra Selene I, and regained Antioch again, with the death of Seleucus VI. Cleopatra Selene I bore him two sons, Antiochus XIII Asiaticus and Seleucus Cybiosactes.
Antiochus X was killed either in 92 BC in a battle with the Parthians, or in 83 BC. After his death Cleopatra Selene I, fearing for her safety, left Syria for the relative safety of Cilicia.
Following the assassination of her nephew Ptolemy XI Alexander II (80 BC), Cleopatra Selene I remained the only legitimate surviving member of the Ptolemaic dynasty. She claimed the throne of Egypt for her sons from her fourth marriage, but the people of Alexandria chose the illegitimate Ptolemy XII Auletes as new king. Cleopatra Selene I sent her sons to Rome to present their claims before the senate, but they were unsuccessful, returning home two years later.[5]
Finally, in 69 BC the Armenian king Tigranes the Great besieged Cleopatra Selene I in Ptolemais, seizing and brutally killing her in Seleucia.[6]
One year later, the Romans disrupted the Armenian state, and Cleopatra Selene I's son, Antiochus XIII, the last king of the Seleucid dynasty, tried unsuccessfully to unify the state. Finally, in 63 BC, the Romans captured Syria and the Hellenistic state that Seleucus I Nicator (Greek :Σέλευκος Νικάτωρ) created 240 years before, became part of Rome.
Notes
References
- Felix Stähelin: Kleopatra 22. In: Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft, vol. XI 1, 1921, col. 782-784.
- J. Whitehorne, Cleopatras, 1994, pp. 164–173.