Clifford Sifton

The Honourable Sir Clifford Sifton PC KCMG KC
Minister of the Interior
In office November 17, 1896 – February 28, 1905
Preceded by	Hugh John Macdonald
Succeeded by	Frank Oliver
Personal details
Born	March 10, 1861 Middlesex County, Canada West
Died	April 17, 1929 (aged 68) New York City, New York
Nationality	Canadian

Sir Clifford Sifton, PC, KCMG, KC (March 10, 1861 – April 17, 1929), was a Canadian politician best known for being Minister of the Interior under Sir Wilfrid Laurier. He was responsible for encouraging the massive amount of immigration in Canada which occurred in the first decade of the 20th century. In 1905, he broke with Laurier and resigned from cabinet on the issue of publicly funded religious education in the new provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan.

Early life

Born in Middlesex County, Canada West (now Ontario), Sifton's father, John Wright Sifton, was a contractor and businessman who moved with his family to Manitoba when Clifford was a boy. He trained as a lawyer and graduated from Victoria University in the University of Toronto, where he was the founding manager of Acta Victoriana.^[1]

Political career

Manitoba provincial politics: Attorney General for Manitoba

Sifton worked on his father's political campaigns before being himself elected to the legislative assembly of Manitoba in 1888. Sifton served in the cabinet of Thomas Greenway from 1891 to 1896 as attorney general and Provincial Lands Commissioner. He played a role in negotiating the Laurier-Greenway Compromise, which temporarily resolved the Manitoba Schools Question.

Federal politics: Minister of the Interior

In 1896, Sifton was elected a Member of Parliament and served as Minister of the Interior under Laurier. As Minister of the Interior he started a vigorous immigration policy to encourage people to settle and populate the West. Sifton established colonial offices in Europe and the United States. He enticed people to come to western Canada. While many of the immigrants came from Britain and the United States, there was also, to Canada, a large influx of Ukrainians, Scandinavians, Doukhobors, and other groups from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He famously defended the "stalwart peasants in sheep-skin coats" who were turning some of the most difficult parts of the western plains into productive farms.

Although immigration policies under Sifton were less restrictive than they were under his Conservative predecessors, Sifton still lobbied to keep "undesirables" from immigrating to Canada, including Asians and especially Jews and Blacks. Sifton's pro-immigration policies for white Europeans through the "Prairie West" movement also came at an enormous expense to First Nations peoples, who were displaced in large numbers. Between 1891 and 1914, more than three million people came to Canada, largely from continental Europe, following the path of the newly constructed continental railway. In the same period, mining operations were begun in the Klondike and the Canadian Shield.

In the federal election of 1900, Sifton retained his seat against a strong challenge from former Manitoba Premier Hugh John Macdonald. After presiding over the creation of Alberta and Saskatchewan in 1905, Sifton resigned from cabinet following a dispute with Laurier over religious education.

Especially later in his life, Sifton battled increasing deafness, which precluded any further potential political advances.^[2]

Sifton retired from politics in 1911 but crusaded against the government policy of reciprocity, because he believed that increased economic integration between Canada and the United States would result in Canada being taken over by the Americans.^[3]

Sifton died in 1929 in New York City, where he had been visiting a heart specialist. He left a fortune estimated at $3.2 million, equivalent to about $44 million in present-day terminology.^[4] Sifton is buried at Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto.

Family

Mrs. Clifford Sifton by William James Topley

Clifford Sifton, then a young lawyer, married at Winnipeg, Manitoba, on August 18, 1884, Elizabeth Armanella Burrows, daughter of Henry James Burrows and his wife, Sarah Sparks. Elizabeth was born in Ottawa, Ontario, and educated at the Ottawa Ladies' College. The couple had five sons. She founded and presided over the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) at Brandon, Manitoba.

References

1. Szilvia Huczka; Jon De Biasi. "History". Acta Victoriana. Actavictoriana.ca. Retrieved 2014-08-06.
2. Mr. Prime Minister 1867–1964, by Bruce Hutchison, Toronto 1964, Longmans Canada.
3. "SIFTON DENOUNCES RECIPROCITY PLAN - Canadian ex-Minister Breaks with the Liberal Party - Condemns Agreement Throughout". The New York Times. 1911-03-01. Retrieved 2014-08-06.
4. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved November 10, 2015.

Further reading

• Dafoe, John W. Clifford Sifton in Relation to His Times (1931)
• Hall, D.J. "Clifford Sifton: Immigration and Settlement Policy, 1896-1905," in Howard Palmer, ed. The Settlement of the West (1977) pp 60 –85
• Hall, D.J. Clifford Sifton (1976), short biography ISBN 978-0-88902-223-2
• Hall, D.J. Clifford Sifton. Vol. 1: The Young Napoleon, 1861-1900 (1981); Clifford Sifton. Vol. 2: The Lonely Eminence, 1901-1929 (1986) the standard scholarly biography
• Timlin, Mabel F. "Canada's Immigration Policy, 1896-1910," Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science Vol. 26, No. 4 (Nov., 1960), pp. 517–532 in JSTOR
• "Clifford Sifton". Dictionary of Canadian Biography (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. 1979–2016.
• Clifford Sifton – Parliament of Canada biography

External links

• Works by or about Clifford Sifton at Internet Archive